1. Pluperfect Tense Chapter 17

2. Fast Review of the Past Tenses Imperfect – Parabat S/he/ it was preparing Perfect – Parāvit S/he prepared Pluperfect – Parāverat S/he/ it had prepared

3. Pluperfect Tense Fairly common tense Purpose and sole reason for existence is to show something that happened before something else happened. Relative to other verbs instead of a fixed point in time.

4. Pluperfect Imperfect Perfect Present Future Future Perfect

5. Pluperfect Super Double Past It takes its reference point from another past tense (either perfect tense or imperfect tense) The perfect and imperfect tenses show something that happened before the present. The pluperfect tense shows something that happened before the imperfect or perfect.

6. I returned home as soon as possible, but the party had already started. First the party started (pluperfect) Then I came home (perfect) Both things happened in the past, but one happened before the other

7. In summary The pluperfect tense needs another past tense verb to make sense. If you see it alone there is another past action that is implied

8. Forming the Pluperfect Take the perfect stem – Parāv- And add on the imperfect active forms of sum – Eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant SingularPlural First PersonParāveramParāverāmus Second PersonParāverāsParāverātis Third PersonParāveratParāverant

9. Conjugate currō, currere, cucurrī, cursum in the pluperfect tense SingularPlural 1 st Personcucurreramcucurrerāmus 2 nd Personcucurrerāscucurrerātis 3 rd Personcucurreratcucurrerant

10. Decline dēvastō, dēvastāre, dēvastāvī, dēvastātum in the pluperfect tese SingularPlural 1 st Persondēvastaveramdēvastaverāmus 2 nd Persondēvastaverāsdēvastaverātis 3 rd Persondēvastaveratdēvastaverant

11. Decline amittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum in the pluperfect tese SingularPlural 1 st Personāmīseramāmīserāmus 2 nd Personāmīserāsāmīserātis 3 rd Personāmīseratāmīserant

12. Irregular Pluperfect Sum, Esse, FuīSingularPlural First PersonFueramFuerāmus Second PersonFuerāsFuerātis Third PersonFueratFuerant Possum, Posse, Potuī SingularPlural First PersonPotueramPotuerāmus Second PersonPotuerāsPotuerātis Third PersonPotueratPotuerant

13. Translating the Pluperfect You usually see it with ‘had’ cēperam – I had taken cēperās- you had taken cēperat- s/he it had taken cēperāmus- we had taken Etc.

14. Translate the Latin into English and the English into Latin Potuerātis Y’all had been able Fuerāmus We had been Corripuerāmus We had seized You had tried Temptāverās

15. Iēcerat s/he/it had thrown Y’all had lost Āmīserātis Exstīnxerant They had extinguished Alueram I had nourished Y’all had run Cucurrerātis You had been Fuerās

16. Homework Ex. 1 and 4

17. Change the perfect tense verbs into the pluperfect, keeping the same person and number. Corripuī Corripueram Temptāvī Temptāveram Exstīnxī Exstīnxeram Āmīsī Āmīseram Cucurrī Cucurreram Lēgī Lēgeram