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Regulation Nervous and Endocrine Systems
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Parts of the nervous system… Brain Spinal Cord Nerves
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Functions of the nervous system Communication between body systems Helps body react to changes in the environment Helps body maintain Homeostasis
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Neurons are the basic component of the nervous system. Dendrites: Receives impulse Cell Body: contains nucleus and other organelles Axon: Sends impulse Myelin sheath: fatty substance that insulates the axon and makes impulses travel faster.
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Synapse: gap between neurons Neurotransmitters: chemical that carries impulse across the synapse. –Inhibitory: blocks signal –Excitatory: increases signal Receptors: receive neurotransmitters.
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Types of Neurons Sensory neurons: signal goes from a receptor to the spine or brain Inter-neurons: signal goes from one neuron to another neuron Motor neurons: signal goes from brain or spine out to a muscle or gland.
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Path of message: Stimulus: causes receptor to react Receptor: a sense organ such as the eyes, skin, ears… Impulse: the message or signal carried along the neuron Effector: an organ that responds to the impulse.
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Types of stimuli: Types of receptors: Types of effectors:
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The nervous system is divided into two parts… Central Nervous system (CNS) –Brain –Spine Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) –Nerves
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The Brain: The brain is one of the most active organs in the body. It receives 20% of the blood the heart pumps and it replaces most of its protein every three weeks. The brain is a major user of glucose. You can burn lots of calories just by using your brain!
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Parts of the Brain Cerebrum: –Largest part of brain –Divided into a right and left hemisphere –Used for thinking, movement, sensation, etc.
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Cerebellum: –At the base of the brain –Used for balance and coordination
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Brain Stem –Medulla oblongata: heart beat, respiration –Pons: relay center –Midbrain: relay center
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Memory Occurs in the Cerebrum –Momentary: a few minutes –Short Term: a few hours –Long Term: years
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Spinal Cord Structure: a bunch of nerves that run through your vertebral column. Function: sends messages to and from the brain and body. Connects the CNS to the PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System Nerves –Cranial = out of brain –Spinal = out of spine Somatic Nervous system: in charge of voluntary actions. Autonomic Nervous system: In charge of involuntary actions.
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Reflexes Examples:
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Reflex Arc 1. Receptor is stimulated 2. Sensory neuron sends impulse to spine. 3. Sensory neuron connects to an interneuron which connects to a motor neuron. 4. Motor neuron sends impulse to muscle. Reflex occurs.
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Endocrine System The job of the Endocrine System is to regulate the body and help it maintain homeostasis.
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Hormones: Chemical messengers that communicate with target cells.
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The endocrine system is slower than the nervous system but, its effects last longer (hours to years)
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Glands Exocrine Glands: secret their products outside of the body or in the digestive system. Endocrine Glands: secrete their products in the blood stream.
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Hormones are specific. They are only recognized by specific tissues.
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Positive Feedback Increase levels of a hormone trigger the release of even more hormone. –Examples: childbirth and lactation
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Negative Feedback An increase will trigger a decrease… Low blood sugar Eat food High blood sugar Insulin released from Pancreas
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Hypersecretion: too much hormone is secreted. Hyposecretion: too little hormone is secreted.
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Pituitary Gland Location: In the brain Hormones: Many… growth hormone, thyroid secreting hormone…. Effects: Controls the secretions of other glands
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Hypothalamus Location: in brain Hormones: oxytocin and ADH Effects: childbirth contractions and water retention.
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Thyroid: Location: neck Hormones: Thyroxine Effect: controls metabolism
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Parathyroid Location: behind thyroid gland Hormone: parathormone Effect: increases blood calcium
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Adrenal Glands Location: on top of kidneys Hormones: Adrenalin, etc. Effect: Fight or flight response
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Pancreas Location: below stomach Hormones: Insulin, glucagon Effect: decrease or increase blood sugar levels
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Gonads= testes or ovaries Location: lower abdomen Hormones: Testosterone or Estrogen Effect: development and reproduction
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Thymus Location: above heart Hormones: Thymopoeiten Effect: development of immune system
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Pineal Gland Location: Brain Hormones: Melatonin Effect: Day/night cycles
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