1. Chapter 19 Global Change

2. the skeptic’s position on climate change the science isn’t valid the problem is naturally occurring, not man-made changing our energy system will be too disruptive to our economy

5. Major Greenhouse Gases water vapor * carbon dioxide methane N2O CFC’s * not anthropogenic

8. Emissions from the Developed and Developing World

10. Thousands of years ago Average surface temperature (°C) 900800700600500400300200100Present 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Fig. 16-2a, p. 369 Average Global Temperature over the Past 900,000 Years

11. End of last ice age Fig. 16-2b, p. 369 Temperature Changes Over Past 22,000 Years Years ago Temperature change (°C) – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 0 1 2 Agriculture established Average temperature over past 10,000 years = 15°C (59°F) 20,00010,0002,0001,000200100Now – 5

12. Year Temperature change (°C) 100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002101 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Fig. 16-2c, p. 369 Temperature Changes Over Past 1,000 Years

13. Global Temperatures since 1880

14. Increasing CO 2 Concentrations

15. Fig. 16-4, p. 370 Carbon dioxide Temperature change End of last ice age 16012080400 Thousands of years before present Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (ppm) 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 –10.0 –7.5 –5.0 –2.5 0 +2.5 Variation of temperature (˚C) from current level Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Global Temperatures

17. Ice Cores: Records of Past Climates Fig. 16-3, p. 369

18. Changing Carbon Dioxide Levels 1988 - 350 ppm 2014 - 400 ppm Pre-Industrial - 284 ppm

19. IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2500 scientists release periodic reports on the state of the climate mathematical models study interactions among atmospheric conditions and then run these models on supercomputers to predict future climate conditions 2.5 – 3.5 degree (celcius) increase this century “climategate” controversey

20. Climate Change and Human Activities

21. Complicating Factors carbon sinks: oceans and forests cloud cover aerosols and particulates methane

22. Feedbacks

26. Shrinking Arctic Sea Ice (1979- 2003) Fig. 16-6, p. 372

28. Rising Sea Levels Fig. 16-12, p. 377

35. Tree plantation Coal power plant Tanker delivers CO 2 from plant to rig Oil rig Crop field Switchgrass Spent oil reservoir is used for CO 2 deposit CO 2 is pumped down to reservoir through abandoned oil field Abandoned oil field CO 2 is pumped down from rig for deep ocean disposal = CO 2 deposit = CO 2 pumping Fig. 16-14, p. 380 Carbon Sequestration

36. In 1997, representatives of the nations of the world went to Kyoto, Japan to discuss how best to control the emissions contributing to global warming. The agreement was that emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrialized countries will be reduced to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012. Developing nations did not have emission limits imposed by the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol

37. Connect wildlife reserves with corridors Move hazardous material storage tanks away from coast Expand existing wildlife reserves toward poles Stockpile 1- to 5-year supply of key foods Prohibit new construction on low-lying coastal areas or build houses on stilts Develop crops that need less water Waste less water Move people away from low-lying coastal areas Fig. 16-16, p. 382 Preparing for Climate Changes

38. The following scientific organizations endorse the consensus position that "most of the global warming in recent decades can be attributed to human activities": American Association for the Advancement of Science American Astronomical Society American Chemical Society American Geophysical Union American Institute of Physics American Meteorological Society American Physical Society Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the CSIRO British Antarctic Survey Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences

39. Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Environmental Protection Agency European Federation of Geologists European Geosciences Union European Physical Society Federation of American Scientists Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies Geological Society of America Geological Society of Australia Geological Society of London International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics National Center for Atmospheric Research National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Royal Meteorological Society Royal Society of the UK

40. Three Numbers 2 565 2795

41. To prevent major planetary change we must limit warming to 2 degrees To prevent the temperature from rising more than two degrees, we can’t burn more than 565 giga-tons of carbon fuel Energy companies have 2,795 giga-tons of carbon in known reserves

42. Paris Agreement - 2015