1. Chapter 1 Key Issue #3 Why Are Different Places Similar?

2. Preview of Chapter Scale Globalization: of econ. and culture Space Distribution Gender & Ethnic Diversity Connections Spatial interaction diffusion

3. Scale: local & global Levels of scale Local = neighborhood, town, state National = country International = multi-national Global = whole world Globalization – force or process that involves the whole world and results in something being worldwide in scope Economic globalization More uniform, integrated, & interdependent Ex. Labor rights, agriculture, etc Transnational (multinational) corporations Exchanging money & goods easier & faster than ever Global recession in 2009

4. Scale: local & global Globalization – cont’d Cultural globalization Moving to singular global culture Means loss of culture Globalization of English makes it possible Leads to strong conflicts in regions where maintaining culture is important Globalization forces vs. preserving local practices

5. Space: Distribution of features Distribution – arrangement of features in a space Density: frequency of something in a space Ex. 30 school desks, gas stations Arithmetic density – total number/sq. unit Physiological density – number of people/resource Ag. density – number of people/unit of farmland Housing density – number of people/dwelling units Concentration: extent of spread Clustered vs. dispersed Ex. US Population Pattern: geometric arrangement of objects Ex. Grid pattern, spoke & wheels, etc.

6. Space: Distribution of features Gender & Ethnic Diversity Segregation – ethnic neighborhoods Local scale = ethnic pride/identity Key feature in analyzing interactions within a space People choose a location for a reason

7. Connections Between Places Spatial Interaction – connections through “networks” Space-time compression: time it takes for something to reach another place Ex. TV vs. Internet Transportation didn’t change for 1800 years, now it’s very different Barriers exist in interactions Ex. Language, distance, etc. Technology helps to remove barriers

8. Connections Between Places Diffusion – spreading of characteristics from one place to another Hearth (node) – origin of an idea Innovation often means risk Two basic types: Relocation & Expansion Relocation – people move from one location and take ideas with to new location Ex. Crop rotation in the Americas or languages of N. & S. America Expansion – “snowballing” of an idea (rapid growth) Hierarchical – spreads from authority to others Ex. Teacher – student, government - citizens Contagious – rapid, widespread Ex. Viral videos Stimulus – spread of underlying ideas (even when main idea doesn’t spread Ex. Apple technology during 90’s

9. Connections Between Places Diffusion of Culture & Economy Connection between places never stronger Three main hearth regions: North America, Western Europe, & Japan/China (core regions) Major influence on where production happens which influences infrastructure and quality of life Africa, Latin America, & much of Asia On the outside looking in (peripheral) Urban movement Uneven Development – gap between core and peripheral growing because of globalization Core areas often take for granted what they have Ex. Water, sewer, phone, TV, internet, etc.