1. Matt Rinella, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Miles City, Montana and Erin Espeland, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, Montana Long-Term Studies Identify Avenues for Improving Revegetation Efforts

2. Two Studies Ecological Applications. 2015. 25:1044-1053. Office of Surface Mining (OSM)-funded study focused on constraining annual weeds, preventing crested wheatgrass invasion and increasing shrubs (i.e. winterfat, four-wing saltbrush, big sage, fringed sage) on surface-mined lands of the Great Plains. Shrubs are the most difficult plant group to establish on these lands. Journal of Applied Ecology. (Accepted). Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)-funded study investigating factors regulating shrub abundances.

3. Sheridan Gillette Montana Wyoming South Dakota Decker (69) Spring Creek (23) Eagle Butte (28) Wyodak (29) Rawhide (21) Caballo (36) Belle Ayr (39) Cordero Rojo (48) Buckskin (34) 20 km Sites #s of fields

4. Approach Management dataVegetation data Statistical analysis New knowledge

5. Sampling Designs 15’ 150’ “Field” or area seeded and otherwise treated over a short period of time OSM project: 327 fields DEQ project: 169 fields 20” 8”

6. Year of first growing season Topsoil sourceRock cover (%) Field size (acres) Shrub seed rate (lb/acre)Forb seed rate (lb/acre) Grass seed rate (lb/acre)First growing season precipitation (inches) A B C D E F G H Reclamation Variables Proportion of fields -Western wheatgrass -Thickspike wheatgrass -Slender wheatgrass -Green needlegrass -Non-native grasses (15% of fields) 4 68101214> 515254055 >

7. Plant Cover Percent of total plant cover 0 20 40 60 80 100 10 38 16 6 40 7 28 11 6 14 6 3 13 8 25 13 26 12 22 23 Forbs Shrubs Seeded grasses Crested wheatgrass Annual weeds

8. Annual Weeds: Cheatgrass, Japanese brome, Mustards, Etc. Grass seed rate (>0.0 to 3.5 lb/acre) Grass seed rate (>3.5 to 7.0 lb/acre) Grass seed rate (>7.0 lb/acre) Establishment year Rock cover Direct relocation of topsoil Establishment year precipitation log Annual weed cover Seeded grass cover

9. Shrubs Grass seed rate (>0.0 to 3.5 lb/acre) Grass seed rate (>3.5 to 7.0 lb/acre) Grass seed rate (>7.0 lb/acre) Shrub seed rate Establishment year Rock cover Direct relocation of topsoil Establishment year precipitation log Native shrub cover Seeded grass cover

10. Effects of Grass Seed Rates on Plant Cover Difference between 0.0 and low (>0.0 to 3.5 lb/acre) Difference between low and medium (>3.5 to 7.0 lb/acre) Difference between medium and high (>7.0 lb/acre) log Seeded shrub cover Seeded grass cover log Annual weed cover Seeded grass cover

11. Effects of Grass Seed Rates on Plant Cover <0.0 to 3.5 lb/acre >3.5 to 7.0 lb/acre >7.0 lb/acre Seeded shrubs Seeded grasses 0.009(0.002,0.04) 1.5(0.7,3.3) 0.10(0.03, 0.41) 0.02(0.007, 0.09) 0.0 lb/acre 0.10(0.02, 0.53) Annual weeds Seeded grasses 2.8(1.1,6.7) 1.1(0.5,2.4) Grass seed rate

12. Precip. (Inches) 6.6 Grass (lb/acre) 23 Rock cover (%) 9 Shrub (lb/acre) 0.9 Variable Mean Change in probability of sampling shrubs Change in shrub cover (%) -.15-.10-.05.00.05.10 -60-40-20020406080 Shrubs-DEQ Study 8.7 39 30 2.1 Mean+SD

13. Why the Negative Precipitation Effect?

14. Why Negative Precip. Effect? Doerr et al. 1983. Journal of Range Management. 36:423-428 Biomass (lb/acre) 250 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 500 750 0 197819791980 N-Irr Irr N-Irr Nonirrigated Irr Irrigated Grasses Forbs Shrubs a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b Rifle, Colorado

15. Grass Competition Williams et al. 2002. Restoration Ecology. 10: 385-391 Belle Ayr Coal Mine. 2 nd growing season after seeding. 960 800 640 480 320 160 0 7 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 Aboveground Biomass (lb/acre ± SE) Grass Seeding Rate (lb/acre) Sagebrush Density (plants/yard 2 ± SE) Planted grassesOther grassesForbsSagebrush seedlings c a a b a b b b b a b b b a b b a b b a b 1.83.65.47.29.010.8 0.0

16. Grass Competition Hild et al. 2006. Arid Land Research and Management. 20:183-194 Belle Ayr Coal Mine. 6 th growing season after seeding. 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Canopy volume per sagebrush plant (cm 3 ) Grass seeding rate (lb acre -1 ) A B B BC C 1.83.65.47.29.010.8 0.0

17. Niche partitioning promotes coexistence Shrub, warm season grass or other slow growing species that is difficult to establish Fast-growing seeded grass Species diversity Reduces weeds Cheatgrass Time High grass seed rate: Low grass seed rate:

18. Crested Wheatgrass Time Trends Belle Ayr Caballo Cordero Rojo Decker Rawhide Spring creek Crested wheatgrass cover Total vegetation cover logit Not all fields had crested wheatgrass

19. Direct Haul Effect on Crested Wheatgrass log Crested wheatgrass cover Seeded grass cover Corresponds to a 55% difference

20. Adaptive Management Management dataVegetation data Statistical analysis Hypotheses Management Vegetation data

21. Adaptive Management Project spatially segregating difficult-to-establish shrubs from aggressive grasses Project evaluating aggressive grass seed rates well below rates commonly used (i.e. 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, 2.0 lb acre -1 )

22. Final Thoughts If you see any potential for applying the research and have questions, please look me up today or feel free to contact me: matt.rinella@ars.usda.gov 406-874-8232 I believe this research has relevance outside our Great Plains study system