1. 1 TSB Regional Symposium on E-government and IP Dubai (UAE), 22-25 November 2004 ITU – World Summit and the Working Group on Internet Governance By Désiré Karyabwite IP Coordinator, E-Strategies Unit /PSF/ITU-BDT The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions of the ITU or its membership..

2. 2 TSB Outline ITU E-Strategies Open-ended Consultation meeting/UN WGIG Resolution 102- DNS & IP Addresses Management Address space exhaustion (for convergence) Relationship to topology Alternatives to IPv6 Network problems Space allocation policy Deployment difficulties Roadblocks and solutions Impact of New Internet Protocol (IPv6) What future for mobile Internet ? IPv6? ITU World Telecommunication Standardisation Assembly Conclusion

3. 3 TSB ITU E-Strategies Active support of 150 ITU Member States Our Goal: Foster the deployment of secure,cost-effective and sustainable IP-based infrastructure and value-added services in developing and least developed countries worldwide Our Strategy: 1. Put in place a comprehensive action plan that integrates the development of IP infrastructure with the roll-out of cost-effective, secure and high trust value-added e-services for government, business, commerce, educational and health sectors. 2. Enable various public and private sector entities to participate in the development of the core infrastructure through the use of value-added e- services that are based on sustainable business models and create efficiencies in the various public and private sectors. 3. Encourage the participation of various types of partners through a technology neutral and non-exclusive framework for contributions towards a global deployment.

4. 4 TSB Open-ended Consultation meeting on the establishment of the UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) 20 - 21 September 2004 Palais des Nations Geneva Purpose of the meeting : For all Stakeholders, to further exchange ideas on Internet governance before the formal startup of the WGIG (Working Group on Internet Governance). The first phase of WSIS admitted that many problems on Internet Governance still need to be studied and discussed and authorized Mr. K. Annan to set up a special working group (WGIG) to carry out studies and discussions on this issue. Its structure and working methods as well as scope of its work were discussed.

5. 5 TSB Key issues discussed  he work done by ITU-T on Internet issues and Telecommunications Standards (E. 164, Security issues, ENUM Protocol etc…) Other UN Agencies presented also their work Participants hope that each party would follow the basic principles of the “Declaration of Principle” and “Plan of Action” adopted in the first phase of WSIS, to further carry on cooperation and study on Internet Governance, to seek common points while reserving differences, to consider Internet Governance with a perspective view, to reach consensus on Internet governance and guide the Internet development to meet its own trend and the common demand of the world people.

6. 6 TSB As the WSIS process is Intergovernmental, the “majority” of the participants hope that the Working Group on Internet Governance will also have the involvement of Governments, when other participants are proposing that the Intergovernmental Organization should be considered as observers in the Working Group on Internet Governance. The Change of the nature of Internet demands the involvement of governments into the Internet Governance Internet Development itself calls for the transition of the governance mode Inclusion and openness shall dominate the process of defining Internet Governance and determining related public policy issues on Internet Governance (e.g. DNS, IP Addresses, Internet information and network security such as Spam, privacy and confidentiality, Security of Domain Name System, E- Commerce, Convergence between Internet and Telecommunication network etc)

7. 7 TSB Internet law and Policy (Golden principles for Internet Governance). The WGIG structure and its working methods as well as scope of its work were discussed. Financial resources to support the WGIG Secretariat. The Swiss Government is supporting the process but other donors are encouraged to also support.

8. 8 TSB Proposed Timeline for Activities of the WGIG The UN Sec. General will submit the Report to the PrepCom-III in September 2005, second phase of WSIS Tunis, November 2005. October 2004: Appointment of chairperson and members of WGIG by the UN Sec. Gen Mr. K. Annan. Nov or Dec. 2004: First meeting of WGIG (organization of work, calendar of meetings) Dec 2004-Jan. 2005: Online consultations 15-16 Feb. 2005: Open-ended consultations with governments and all stakeholders 17-18 Feb.2005: Second meeting of WGIG (Drafting of preliminary report) 21-26 Feb. 2005: Presentation of preliminary report to PrepCom-II March 2005: Online Consultations  April 2005:Third meeting of WGIG  April or May 2005: Open-ended consultations with governments and all stakeholders  June 2005:Fourth meeting of WGIG (Final drafting of report) July 2005Submission of report to the UN Secretary-General

9. 9 TSB The ITU Plenipotentiary Conference held in Marrakech in 2002 has revised Resolution 102 originally adopted in Minneapolis (1998), which instructs the Director of the Telecommunication Development Bureau “to organize international and regional forums, in conjunction with appropriate entities, for the period 2002-2006, to discuss policy, operational and technical issues on the Internet in general and the management of Internet domain names and addresses in particular for the benefit of Member States, especially for least developed countries". Resolution 102- DNS & IP Addresses Management

10. 10 TSB Address space exhaustion (1/3) Rate and scale of Internet growth was underestimated In 1970’s, 32-bit address space was thought to be adequate for long term Class system (A, B, C) Internet routing is closely tied to the separation of routing within a network and routing between networks

11. 11 TSB Address space exhaustion (2/3) Routing within large networks became complex Sub-netting introduced Advent of PCs meant that each host could no longer have a unique fixed IP address –dynamic address assignment (but reachability?) –private address spaces (but leakage if connected to public network)

12. 12 TSB Address space exhaustion (3/3) Stability with respect to address allocation Some believe IPv4 addresses will be exhausted in 2-3 years, others in 10 years, others sooner, others much later (20 years). Rate of exhaustion influenced by technology (e.g. NAT) Under-use of certain class allocations

13. 13 TSB Relationship to topology (1/4) IP Network GSM / 3G /4G PSTN H.323, H.248 (SS7/SIP) Gatway H.323, H.248 (SS7/SIP) Gatekeeper

14. 14 TSB Relationship to topology (2/4) An IP address is not similar to a telephone number An IP address is a routing address In telephony terms:a telephone number is more like a domain name

15. 15 TSB Relationship to topology (3/4) But analogies are imperfect –Telephone numbers identify a circuit, a wire going somewhere, but are now portable –IP addresses identify a terminal device, a computer, but can be: dynamically assigned fixed translated (NATing)

16. 16 TSB Relationship to topology (4/4) Any host can access any other host through uniform protocols and addresses Intelligence at the edges Applications independent of network Network does not change content Back to the basics of Internet: These differences are more important than the packet vs. switched models

17. 17 TSB Alternatives to IPv6 Application servers at boundary of public network, translate to private network, but these gateways can limit functionality NATing, VPNs, private spaces, but may force re-numbering –NATing limits peer-to-peer applications –IPsec requires end-to-end

18. 18 TSB Network Problems Routing table growth (IPv6 may help or hinder) Blocks allocated to ISPs to optimize routing limit portability across ISPs Security may or may not be improved Expanding address space raises certain issues

19. 19 TSB Space allocation policies If IPv6 policies are conservative, this may slow the adoption of IPv6 If IPv6 policies are loose, this may lead to routing table problems and early exhaustion

20. 20 TSB Deployment difficulties Dual stack: v4 and v6 in devices Tunnels: encapsulate v4 in v6 or v6 in v4 Conversion gateways Convert networks –from the edges –from the core –by islands, either geographic or by application (3G/4G)

21. 21 TSB Potential roadblocks and solutions Cost of conversion Lack of confidence in v6 software Policies adoption Consensus is that conversion is needed, but when and how will depend on many factors

22. 22 TSB IMPACT OF NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL (IPv6) USA - COMMERCE DEPARTMENT TO STUDY IMPACT OF NEW INTERNET PROTOCOL (Interagency Task Force to Focus on Competitiveness, Security and User Needs) October 14, 2003 The North American IPv6 Task Force (NAv6TF) (www.nav6tf.org)www.nav6tf.org IPv6 Forum IPv6 Promotion council in Japan (www.v6pc.jp)www.v6pc.jp Etc…

23. 23 TSB What future for mobile Internet ? IPv6? Today, some industry experts say that before the world can truly experience next generation communications such as IMT–2000 (3G-4G etc…) mobile services, it needs to adopt a new protocol known as IPv6 (128 bits based address)

24. 24 TSB ITU World Telecommunication Standardisation Assembly Florianópolis, Brazil 5-14 October 2004)  Resolution 47 Country Code Top Level Domain Names (To study and to review Members States ccTLD experiences, to take appropriate steps within their National legal frameworks to ensure that issues related to delegation of country code top-level domains are resolved etc.)  R esolution 48 (IDN-Internationalised Domain Dames)

25. 25 TSB  Resolution 49 on ENUM Current unresolved issues concerning administrative control of the highest level Internet domain which will be used for ENUM, Study how ITU could have administrative control over changes that could related to the International telecommunication resources (Including naming, numbering addressing, and routing) used for ENUM (in the context of rapid developments towards the convergence of Telecommunications and the Internet)  Resolution 50 Cybersecurity  Resolution 51 Combating spam  Resolution 52 Countering spam by technical means

26. 26 TSB Conclusions Best practices for DNS and IP addresses Management including IPv6 implementation Governing Law and Dispute Resolution Clear responsibilities (national/regional/international) Why to migrate (IPv4-IPv6), when to migrate and how to carry on this migration process are of high importance. Is IPv6 one of the key issues related to the migration from circuit-switched telephony networks to packet- based or “Next Generation Networks (NGN)”? Clear IPv6 and DNS policy At what Costs

27. 27 TSB THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Desire.karyabwite@itu.int IP Coordinator, ITU-BDT Tel: +41 22 730 5009 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 http://www.itu.int/