1. IPv4 address space is depleting & We need to start using IPng Amber Jain MCA (Semester-4) ithinkminus@gmail.com Error: This webpage is not available

2. 2006-06-012 Quick look at IPv4 addressing 32 bit address, four numbers represented as 8 bits or octets. Each number ranging from 0 to 255 (separated by dots). Divided into 5 classes- Class A, B, C, D, E Class A: 0 Class B: 1 0 Class C: 1 1 0 Class D: 1 1 1 0 Class E: 1 1 1 1 Example of IPv4 address: 129.144.52.38 Multicast-28 bit Reserved for future/experimental use-27 bit Net id-7 bitHost id-24 bit Net id-14 bit Host id-16 bit Net id- 21 bitHost id-8 bit

3. 2006-06-013 Why IPv6? Easily, there are about 2 32 =4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses that can be assigned out of which some are reserved for special purposes e.g. # 18 million addresses - Private networks # 16 million addresses – Multicast addresses etc. This reduces number of public Internet addresses. Some technologies that were adopted to mitigate IPv4 address exhaustion: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Network Address Translation (NAT) etc. Statistics: Geoff Huston of APNIC, Tony Hain of Cisco Systems etc have predicted the exhaustion date to be around November 2010-February 2011. IPv4 addresses exhaustion has been a concern since 1980s as Internet has roughly doubled in size each year for 20 years. And only practical and readily available long-term solution to this is transition to IPv6.

4. 2006-06-014 About IPv6 addressing Supports more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes and simpler auto-configuration. 128 bit addresses that can be represented in three ways: Preferred: Full IPv6 address of type X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X such that X = four-digit hexadecimal integer (integers separated by colon) e.g. 47CD:1234:4422:AC02:0022:1234:A456:0124 Compressed: Sustitutes zero strings with double colons (::) Replaces zeros only when they fill a complete 16 bit group Double colon can be used only once in a given address. e.g. 47CD:0:0:0:0:0:A456:0124 can be represented as 47CD::A456:0124 Mixed: Useful in mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments Also called IPv4-mapped IPv6 address e.g. IPv4 address- 128.96.33.81 IPv4-mapped IPv6 address- ::FFFF:128.96.33.81

5. 2006-06-015 Types of IPv6 addressing Unicast Addressing: Nodes are identified by unicast addresses. ● The aggregatable global unicast addresses can be routed globally on IPv6 backbone. Anycast Addressing: Address assigned to more than one interface such that a packet sent is routed to the nearest interface having that address. ● Permits a node to select which of several ISPs it wants to carry its traffic. Multicast Addressing: Identifier for a set of interfaces that belong to different nodes. ● A packet sent is delievered to all interfaces identified by that address

6. 2006-06-016 IPv6 features Although IPv6 appears to have funtionality like CIDRs, there are many features that were not initially included in IPv4. Some of them are: ● Streamlined IPv6 header: new format of IPv6 header to keep header overhead to a minimum. Moves non-essential fields to extension headers placed after IPv6 header. ● Stateless and stateful configuration: IPv6 works with or without DHCP server. ● Built-in security: Support for IPsec (IP security) is an IPv6 protocol suite requirement Provides standards based solution for network security. ● Real-time performance: Packet prioritization feature provides improved response time for real-time applications. NOTE: IPv6 addressing provides about 2 128 i.e. 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses. ● In a different perspective, this is about 2 52 addresses for every observable star in the known universe. IPv6 addressing provides about 1500 addresses per square foot of the earth.

7. 2006-06-017 Deployment of IPv6 Although predicted IPv4 address depletion approaches its final stages, most ISPs and software vendors are only just starting to consider widespread implementation and deployment of IPv6 technologies. Latest versions of all major OSes have IPv6 support including 'post-Windows XP' OS, post-panther Mac OSXes, BSDs, Linuxes, Unixes etc. Other software/hardware vendors including Cisco, Hitachi, Google, IBM etc. have developed support for IPv6 in their technologies. According to Google, IPv6 penetration is less than 1% of Internet traffic in any country. Leaders include Russia (0.76%), France (0.65%), Ukraine (0.64%), Norway (0.49%) and USA (0.45%). Relative penetration in Asia is small (e.g. China 0.24%)

8. 2006-06-018 Status of IPv6 in India IPv6 Test Set Up in public and private networks such as BSNL, MTNL, Sify etc. (Agency: IPv6 Forum India members) International Cooperation: Indo-EU joint proposal on IPv6; Indo–Japan, Indo- Korea, Indo–Taiwan joint proposal on IPv6 already active Design & Development of IPv6 Application Tools specific to India (Agency: CMC limited) Working testbed project connecting various Research & Education (Institution: ERNET, IITs) National Internet Backbone-2 (managed by BSNL) is IPv6 enabled at core.

9. 2006-06-019 Conclusion IPv6 has support for lots of features besides a large number of address that can be allocated to devices connected to Internet. For example: 128-bit address space Real-time services Security and authentication Autoconfiguration Enhanced routing functionality eg. Mobile hosts Multicast Protocol extensions Smooth transition path from IPv4 So to avoid the address depletion problem and the rush to catch the last few addresses (when this becomes a reality), IPv6 is the only long term solution.

10. 2006-06-0110 Thank you! A N Y Q U E R I E S ? Thank you very much.