1. Chapter 17 The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment

2. Timeline, p. 540

3. Chronology, p. 526

4. p. 513

5. p. 515

7. John Locke John Locke (1632–1704), defender of the rights of the people against rulers who think their power absolute. (Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London)

8. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Newton’s experiments with light passing through a prism became a model for writers praising the experimental method. (Corbis)

10. Map 17-1, p. 517

11. Charles de Secondat, the baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

12. p. 519

14. p. 523

15. p. 527

16. p. 528

18. p. 529

19. p. 530

20. p. 531

21. p. 532

22. p. 535

23. Map 17-2, p. 537

24. p. 538

25. The Enlightenment  Paths to Enlightenment  “Dare to know” – Immanual Kant  Scientific method to understand life  Popularization of Science  Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757), Plurality of Worlds  A New Skepticism  Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism  Skepticism about religion and growing secularization  The Impact of Travel Literature  Travel books became very popular  Captain James Cook  Literature on China

26. The Legacy of Locke & Newton  Newton  reasoning could discover natural laws that govern politics, economics justice, religion, and the arts  Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding  knowledge derived from the environment  denied Descartes’ belief in innate ideas

27. The Philosophes and their Ideas  Came from all walks of life  Paris was the “capital”  Desire to change the world  Call for a spirit of rational criticism  3 French Giants: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

28. Montesquieu and Political Thought  Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)  Persian Letters, 1721  Attacks traditional religion, advocacy of religious toleration, denunciation of slavery, use of reason  The Spirit of the Laws, 1748; comparative study of government

29. Voltaire and the Enlightenment  Francois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694- 1778)  Criticism of traditional religion  Treatise on Toleration, 1763  Deism

30. Diderot and the Encyclopedia  Denis Diderot (1713-1784)  Encyclopedia, 28 volumes  Attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration  Lowered price helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

31. Toward a New “Science of Man”  David Hume  Physiocrats and Adam Smith founders of modern economics  François Quesnay (1694-1774)  Leader of the Physiocrat – natural economic laws  Rejection of mercantilism  Supply and demand

32. Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire Economics  Adam Smith (1723-1790)  The Wealth of Nations, 1776  Attack on mercantilism  Advocate of free trade  Government has only three basic functions  Protect society from invasion  Defend individuals from injustice and oppression  Keep up public works

33. The Later Enlightenment  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)  Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind; Preservation of private property had enslaved  Social Contract, 1762; Tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority  Concept of General Will  Emile, 1762; important work on education

34. The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment  Agree that the nature of women make them inferior  There were some exceptions, for example Diderot  Mary Astell (1666-1731)  A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697  Better education and equality in marriage  Mary Wollstonecraft  Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792  Subjection of women by men wrong

35. Social Environment of the Philosophes  Salons  The influence of women  Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin (1699-1777)  Marquise du Deffand (1697-1780)  Other gathering places

36. Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature  Rococo Art  Characteristics  Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)  Fragility and transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life  Baroque-Rococo architectural style  Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753)  Secular and spiritual interchangeable  Baroque Music  Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)  George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)  Franz Joseph Haydn (1756-1809)  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

37. Development of the Novel  Decisive time in the development of the novel  Samuel Richardson  Virtue Rewarded  Henry Fielding  The History of Tom Jones

38. The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century  Characteristics  Increased readership and publishing  Development of magazines and newspapers for the general public  Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s Spectator  Female Spectator  Education and Universities

39. Crime and Punishment  Punishment in the eighteenth century  Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), On Crimes and Punishments  Punishment should serve only as deterrent  Punishment moved away from spectacle towards rehabilitation

40. World of Medicine  University of Leiden  Royal College of Physicians  Barber-surgeons  Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers  Hospital conditions

41. Popular Culture  Festivals, carnivals, and fairs  Gathering places  Taverns and Alcohol  The gap between high culture and popular culture  Literacy and Primary Education  Spread of literacy  State-supported primary schools  Hannah More

42. Religion and the Churches  The Catholic and Protestant Churches were conservative  Church-State relations  Community activities of the churches  Toleration and Religious Minorities  Toleration and the Jews  Experiences of Ashkenazic Jews  Experiences of Sephardic Jews  Some Enlightenment thinkers favored acceptance of the Jews  Joseph II  Limited reforms toward the Jews

43. Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century  Catholic Piety  Protestant Revivalism  John Wesley (1703-1791)  Methodist societies  Brought the Gospel to the people

44. Discussion Questions  What do you see as a possible reason the Enlightenment was centered in France?  Why and when did it emerge?  Do you see any connection between Enlightenment and changes in gender relations throughout Western Europe?  How did the Enlightenment affect the idea of Crime and Punishment?

45. Web Links  Immanual Kant Immanual Kant  Isaac Newton Isaac Newton  John Locke John Locke  Adam Smith Adam Smith  Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau  John Wesley John Wesley