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Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to The Fertile Crescent, a region of the Middle East where early civilizations started. You will learn about these civilizations and their achievements. Section 1: The Civilization of Sumer Section 2: The First Empires Section 3: The Assyrian and Persian Empires Section 4: The Phoenicians
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Cyrus the Great: King of the World
myStory Cyrus the Great: King of the World What knowledge did Cyrus use to attack Lydia? How did Cyrus’s strategy affect the outcome of the attack against Lydia? Watch the myStory Video and ask students how learning about Cyrus might give them clues about life in the Fertile Crescent.
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Cyrus the Great: King of the World
myStory Cyrus the Great: King of the World Where was Babylon located? Why do you think Cyrus wanted to conquer Babylon? To help students locate Babylon, have them refer to the map shown on Activity Card #11.
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Cyrus the Great: King of the World
myStory Cyrus the Great: King of the World How did Cyrus use the Babylonians’ own technology against them? Technology Used Against Babylon Watch the myStory Video and ask students how learning about Cyrus might give them clues about life in the Fertile Crescent.
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Cyrus the Great: King of the World
myStory Cyrus the Great: King of the World What effect did the arrival of Cyrus’s army have on the people of Babylon? Cyrus’s army arrives in Babylon Have students think about the impact Cyrus and his army had on the people of Babylon. Tell them to list facts about the arrival of Cyrus’s army on the left side of the graphic organizer, and the effects of their arrival on the right side.
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How do you think technology affected the development of Mesopotamia?
myStory How do you think technology affected the development of Mesopotamia? Technology Prediction Trade Agriculture Navigation Communication Area of Life Guide a class discussion about the impact of technology on different aspects of students’ lives. Then have them fill in the graphic organizer.
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How can technology help people adapt to different places?
The Civilization of Sumer How can technology help people adapt to different places? Ways Technology Helps People Adapt Have students use the Essential Question page of their Student Journal to help them fill in this graphic organizer.
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Academic Vocabulary distinct—adj., separate, different
The Civilization of Sumer Academic Vocabulary distinct—adj., separate, different Those flowers have a distinct color. prosper—v., to gain wealth A strong economy can help cities grow and prosper. If students are unfamiliar with these terms, have them locate the words in Section 1 to see how they are used. Then have them practice using each word in a sentence.
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The Civilization of Sumer
Key Ideas Fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers supported the earliest known civilization.
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The Civilization of Sumer
Key Ideas Priests and kings held great power in the city-states of Sumer. Sumerian achievements included new technology, a written language, and epic poetry.
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The Civilization of Sumer
Key Terms Fertile Crescent—a region with good conditions for growing crops that stretches from the Mediterranean coast east through Mesopotamia Mesopotamia—wide, flat plain in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq irrigate—to supply water to Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 1 of The Fertile Crescent of their Student Journal to explore key terms.
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The Civilization of Sumer
Key Terms city-state—independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory barter—trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money polytheism—worship of many gods or deities Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 1 of The Fertile Crescent of their Student Journal to explore key terms.
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Key Terms ziggurat—brick, pyramid-shaped Mesopotamian temple
The Civilization of Sumer Key Terms ziggurat—brick, pyramid-shaped Mesopotamian temple cuneiform—Mesopotamian system of writing that uses triangular-shaped symbols to stand for ideas or things Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 1 of The Fertile Crescent of their Student Journal to explore key terms.
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Geography of Mesopotamia
The Civilization of Sumer Geography of Mesopotamia The foothills of the Taurus and Zagros mountain chains are in northern Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is a hot, dry region with little rainfall. Click to add notes.
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Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
The Civilization of Sumer Farming the Land How could the Tigris and Euphrates rivers be both helpful and harmful? Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Helpful Harmful Discuss with students the impact of natural disasters, such as floods. Ask them if they can think of any positive effects. Have them think about the discussion as they fill in their graphic organizer.
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Technology and Agriculture
The Civilization of Sumer Technology and Agriculture How were farmers successful in the desert conditions of Mesopotamia? What technology did Sumerians invent to make planting easier? Click to add notes
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Sumerian City-States With a dependable food supply,
The Civilization of Sumer Sumerian City-States With a dependable food supply, the population grew and city-states formed. Each city-state was a center of trade that used a barter trading system. Sumerians developed a social order with three classes. NOTES
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Sumerian Religion Why did Sumerians build ziggurats?
The Civilization of Sumer Sumerian Religion Why did Sumerians build ziggurats? Why did Sumerians look to their gods for answers? To help students understand the purpose and appearance of ziggurats, point out the image of a ziggurat in Section 1.
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Sumerian Writing What are pictures that represent objects called?
The Civilization of Sumer Sumerian Writing What are pictures that represent objects called? What was the Sumerian writing system created by priests called? Why was the Sumerian writing system more sophisticated than using pictographs? When was the Epic of Gilgamesh written? Point out the term cuneiform and be sure students understand its meaning: “system of writing that uses triangular-shaped symbols to stand for ideas or things.”
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Sumerian Government How did priests choose kings?
The Civilization of Sumer Sumerian Government How did priests choose kings? How did the priests support the kings? What did the Ur-Nammu law code do? Point out the image of the Standard of Ur and discuss what it reveals about Sumerian civilization.
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How did technology help Sumerian civilization develop?
The Civilization of Sumer How did technology help Sumerian civilization develop? The Civilization of Sumer Agriculture in Mesopo-tamia City-States of Sumer Sumerian Religion Sumerian Writing Sumerian Government
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someone treated you unfairly?
The First Empires What would you do if someone treated you unfairly? After students think about a situation in which they or someone they know were treated unfairly, have them write the event in the top box. Then have them list the effects of that event in the bottom box.
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Academic Vocabulary govern—v., to control or strongly influence
The First Empires Academic Vocabulary govern—v., to control or strongly influence Our principal governs our school. Challenge students to come up with as many words as they can that contain the root word govern.
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Key Ideas Sargon formed the world’s first empire
The First Empires Key Ideas Sargon formed the world’s first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states.
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Key Ideas The Babylonian emperor Hammurabi
The First Empires Key Ideas The Babylonian emperor Hammurabi created an important legal code. Have students examine the Closer Look feature in Section 2, Hammurabi’s Code: An Eye for an Eye. Discuss the importance of having a legal system in a civilized society.
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Key Terms empire—state containing several countries or territories
The First Empires Key Terms empire—state containing several countries or territories ally—independent state that works with other states to achieve a shared military or political goal Have students use the Word Wise feature for Section 2 of The Fertile Crescent of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.
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Key Terms cultural trait—idea or way of doing things
The First Empires Key Terms cultural trait—idea or way of doing things that is common in a certain culture Hammurabi’s Code—a set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire To reinforce understanding of the term cultural trait, have students list specific traits shared in school culture (going to classes, participating in student government, etc.)
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Key Terms rule of law—the idea that all members
The First Empires Key Terms rule of law—the idea that all members of a society, even the rich and powerful, must obey the law Have students use the Word Wise feature for Section 2 of The Fertile Crescent of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.
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What were some causes and effects
The First Empires What were some causes and effects of conflict in Sumer? Causes Effects Have students review the material in Section 2 under the heading The Conquest of Sumer to facilitate understanding.
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Sargon Builds an Empire
The First Empires Sargon Builds an Empire Sargon changed the language to Akkadian and gave key positions to loyal Akkadians. Sargon’s troops spread their cultural traits as they traveled through the Fertile Crescent. Sargon appointed local rulers, each of whom served as king of the land he oversaw. notes
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Sargon’s Empire Ends What helped cause the end of Sargon’s empire?
The First Empires Sargon’s Empire Ends What helped cause the end of Sargon’s empire? Who united Sumer after Sargon? Review with students the text and visuals in Empires Rise and Fall in Section 2.
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The First Empires The Babylonian Empire The Amorites took control over some Sumerian cities. Hammurabi led Babylon to become a powerful empire. notes
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How was Hammurabi’s rule
The First Empires Compare and Contrast: How was Hammurabi’s rule similar to Sargon’s? Sargon’s rule Hammurabi’s Shared aspects Tell students to list facts about Hammurabi in the left oval and facts about Sargon in the right oval. Then have them list similarities about their rule in the overlapping portion of the diagram.
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Hammurabi’s Code Why do the laws in Hammurabi’s Code
The First Empires Hammurabi’s Code Why do the laws in Hammurabi’s Code use an “if then” structure? How did Hammurabi’s Code differ from the Ur-Nammu law code? Review with students the Closer Look feature in Section 2, Hammurabi’s Code: An Eye for an Eye. Ask students how Hammurabi’s Code may have influenced later civilizations.
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How did Sargon build the world’s
The First Empires How did Sargon build the world’s first empire and what were the effects? Sargon build the world’s first empire. Causes Effects Have students review the information in Section 2 under the heading Sargon Builds an Empire.
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Sumerian Inventions and Technologies
The First Empires How do you think Sumerian inventions and technologies might have helped later empires form and expand? Sumerian Inventions and Technologies
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How do civilizations form communities,
The Assyrian and Persian Empires How do civilizations form communities, conduct trade, and create art and architecture? Development and Growth of Civilizations Communities Trade Arts and Architecture Have students think about various forms of art and architecture in their community. Have students write one or two sentences about what clues art and architecture can provide about a civilization.
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Academic Vocabulary elite—adj., representing the best
The Assyrian and Persian Empires Academic Vocabulary elite—adj., representing the best Elite athletes made up the championship basketball team. reform—v., to improve A country can reform its economy by improving its finances. Have students use each term in a sentence that shows their understanding of the word’s meaning. Have volunteers read their sentences and provide corrections if needed.
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The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Key Ideas Assyrian armies conquered a vast empire that stretched from Mesopotamia southwest into Egypt. notes
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The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Key Ideas The Persian empire balanced local self-government with central power. The cultures of Mesopotamia created a rich artistic tradition. To help students understand the resources used in Mesopotamia, have them refer to Activity Card #15.
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Key Terms cavalry—soldiers who fight while riding horses
The Assyrian and Persian Empires Key Terms cavalry—soldiers who fight while riding horses standing army—a permanent army of professional soldiers tribute—payment or gift to a stronger power Have students skim Section 3 to locate highlighted key terms and their definitions. Have students work in pairs to quiz each other on the terms’ meanings.
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The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Key Terms currency—money that is used as a medium of exchange, usually bills and coins stele—carved stone slab or pillar that stands on end
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The Assyrian and Persian Empires
The Assyrian Empire Frequent conflict led the Assyrians to become fierce warriors. The Assyrians divided the empire into about 70 provinces, each with an assigned governor who reported to the Assyrian ruler. An Assyrian named Ashurbanipal made the city of Nineveh his capital. Direct students’ attention to the illustration in Section 3 of what Nineveh may have looked like. Ask students what clues the illustration provides about Assyrian society.
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The Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Assyrian and Persian Empires The Neo-Babylonian Empire Who was the ruler of the Neo-Babylonian empire? How was Babylon restored? What are the Hanging Gardens of Babylon? Direct students’ attention to the Culture Close-Up feature in Section 3, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Have students visit myworldhistory.com to learn more about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
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conquer and rule the Persian empire?
The Assyrian and Persian Empires How did Cyrus the Great conquer and rule the Persian empire? Cyrus the Great Takes the Persian Empire Have students review the information in Section 3 under the heading Rise of the Persian Empire.
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How were the Assyrian and Persian empires
Compare and Contrast: How were the Assyrian and Persian empires similar and how were they different? Assyrian Empire Persian Shared Aspects Have students analyze the text and images in the feature Assyrian and Persian Empires in Section 3.
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Persia’s Government How did the Persians keep
The Assyrian and Persian Empires Persia’s Government How did the Persians keep their vast empire together? How did Darius reform the empire’s central government?
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The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Persia’s Religion A Persian man named Zoroaster founded Zoroastrianism. Zoroaster taught that there was one supreme god. Zoroastrianism became the official religion of the Persian empire.
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Arts of Mesopotamia How were cylinder-shaped seals used?
The Assyrian and Persian Empires Arts of Mesopotamia How were cylinder-shaped seals used? How were Sumerian sculptures different from those in the past? What is a stele? Have students read the text in Section 3 under the heading Arts of Mesopotamia.
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about the Assyrian and Persian empires.
Summarize key ideas about the Assyrian and Persian empires. Assyrian and Persian Empires Key Ideas About Assyrian and Persian Empires Rise of the Persian Empire Persia’s Govern-ment and Religion Arts of Meso-potamia Have students analyze the table Fertile Crescent People in Section 3 to help them understand the major accomplishments of each empire.
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Using Technology to Build Empires
The Assyrian and Persian Empires How did Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian rulers use technology to expand and unite their empires? Using Technology to Build Empires Assyrian Rulers Babylonian Rulers Persian Rulers
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The Phoenicians What are the advantages and disadvantages of travel by land and by sea? Travel Routes By land By sea Advantage Disadvantage Have students refer to Activity Card #13 and #14 to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of travel by land and sea during ancient times.
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Academic Vocabulary profit—v., to make a gain
The Phoenicians Academic Vocabulary profit—v., to make a gain We profited from our garage sale. To help students understand the term profit, use it in a sentence as a verb (We profited from the yard sale.) and then as a noun (We made a tidy profit on the lemonade stand.)
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The Phoenicians Key Ideas The Phoenicians were ocean traders who spread their culture over a wide area.
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The Phoenicians Key Ideas The most lasting contribution of the Phoenicians was the development of the alphabet.
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The Phoenicians Key Terms import—good or service sold within a country that is produced in another Country export—good or service produced within a country and sold outside the country’s borders navigation—the art of steering a ship from place to place To help students understand the difference between the terms import and export, say each word, emphasizing the first syllable. Tell students that import means “to carry in” and export means “to carry out.”
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The Phoenicians Key Terms colony—group of people living in a new territory with ties to a distant state cultural diffusion—spread of cultural traits from one culture to another alphabet—small set of letters or symbols, each of which stands for a single sound Have students practice using each term in a sentence to facilitate understanding.
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Cause and Effect: How did geography affect Phoenicia’s development?
The Phoenicians Cause and Effect: How did geography affect Phoenicia’s development? Point out and discuss the map in Section 4 showing Phoenician trade routes.
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The Phoenicians Phoenician Trade Why did the Phoenicians need to trade with other cultures? What goods and materials did Phoenicians trade? How did Phoenicians transport their goods? Refer students to the Closer Look feature in Section 4 about a Phoenician trade ship.
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Phoenician Navigation
The Phoenicians Phoenician Navigation The Phoenicians built large trade ships and used navigation to help them sail great distances. Phoenician sailors used the North Star to help them navigate.
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The Phoenicians Phoenician Colonies The Phoenicians established colonies, which gave them a place to get supplies or trade with other peoples. A few Phoenician colonies developed into wealthy city-states. Carthage became rich and powerful, setting up its own colonies and fighting wars.
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The Alphabet How did the Greeks change the Phoenician alphabet?
The Phoenicians The Alphabet How did the Greeks change the Phoenician alphabet? How does the Roman alphabet differ from the English alphabet we use today? How many symbols did the Phoenician alphabet have? Discuss with students how early civilizations’ writing systems may have influenced later civilizations.
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How did Phoenician trade influence later peoples?
The Phoenicians Cause and Effect: How did Phoenician trade influence later peoples?
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about Phoenician society?
The Phoenicians What are the key points about Phoenician society? The Phoenicians The Phoenician People The Phoenicians and the Sea The Legacy of the Phoenicians
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How did the Phoenician economy depend on technology?
The Phoenicians How did the Phoenician economy depend on technology? Have students review the material in Section 4 under the heading The Phoenician People.
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