1. Chapter 3

2.  Mercantilism  An economic policy that said a nation’s power was directly related to its wealth ▪ Britain wanted more power, so they needed to be richer  Colonies would give raw materials to England, England would make a finished product and then sell it back to the colonies  Britain exported more products than they imported (sold more than they bought)  The colonies weren’t allowed to trade with other nations

3.  Navigation Acts  English passed these acts to control colonial trade and keep England rich  It forced all goods coming into and leaving the colonies to go through Britain first, so the British could tax it  It later taxed certain goods in the colonies (British officials went to the colonies to collect these taxes) ▪ Most colonists did not like this because they didn’t like being taxed and British were getting too involved ▪ The colonists started smuggling instead

4.  Government  The colonies were under English control, but for the most part the colonies ruled themselves ▪ This was called salutary neglect  Some colonies had town meetings, in others the parish ruled  Colonists believed that an elected assembly was their right  Each colony had a governor and a governor’s council

5.  Northern Economies  Farming: Most people only farmed what they needed for their family. The soil was not very fertile and the growing season was short.  Natural Resources: Used fur for trading. Sent timber to England and used it for shipbuilding. Fish catch was sent to England and West Indies and was eaten.  Industry: Small industries turning grain into flour, distilling rum and brewing alcohol, cloth making

6.  Middle Colonies  Farming: Better land and milder climate than the north. Exported wheat, grain, cattle and hogs.

7.  Southern Colonies  Grew cash crops – agricultural products that were grown to be sold  Plantations grew – normally a large farm that grew one cash crop ▪ Encouraged the growth of slavery  Tobacco was grown in Virginia and rice and indigo were grown in South Carolina  Most farmers actually lived on small farms and exported beef and pork, while growing food for the colonies

8.  Atlantic Slave Trade – formed one part of a three-legged international trade network known as the Triangular Trade  Triangular Trade – a triangle-shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas

9.  How the triangular trade worked: 1. Merchant ships brought European goods (guns, cloth, cash) to Africa. These goods were traded for slaves in Africa. 2. Middle Passage – Slaves are transported to the Americas to be exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products manufactured at plantations owned by Europeans.

10.  How the triangular trade worked: 3. Merchants carried sugar, molasses, cotton, and other American goods (furs, salt fish, and rum). These goods were shipped to Europe, where they were traded at a profit for the European commodities that merchants needed to return to Africa.

12.  Triangular trade was immensely profitable for many people.  Industries that supported trade thrived  Shipbuilding, fishing, raising tobacco, processing sugar  Thriving trade led to successful port cities

13.  Most Africans were taken from inland villages  They were then forced to march to coastal ports  Men, women, and children were bound with ropes and chains and forced to walk distances as far as a thousand miles  Many captives died along the way – some tried to escape and were punished  Those who survived were restrained in coastal holding pens and warehouses until European traders arrived by ship

14.  Africans were packed below the decks of slave ships, usually in chains  Hundreds of men, women, and children were packed in for journeys that lasted from 3 weeks to 3 months  Disease was the biggest threat to the captives  Dysentery, smallpox and other diseases as a result of the “floating coffins”  Up to half of Africans on board died because of disease or brutal mistreatment

15.  Some enslaved Africans resisted and others tried to take control of the ship to go back to Africa  Suicide was incredibly common  Many Africans believed that in death they would be returned to their home countries  They hanged themselves, starved themselves, or leapt overboard

16.  Brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders  Provided the labor that helped profitable colonial economies grow  Impact on Africans was devastating  African states and societies were torn apart  The lives of individual Africans were either cut short or forever brutalized

17.  Enlightenment: emphasized a search for knowledge. Influenced Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. Questioned common beliefs.  Great Awakening: a movement for religious revival

18.  Started out as being mostly English colonies  By the early 1700s Scots and Scots-Irish came to the colonies  Germans, French, and Jews started to come over too  America was starting to become more diverse