1. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 1 Essential Question What are the structures of the digestive system?

2. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 2 Structures of the digestive system Digestive system Also known as: Alimentary Canal Digestive Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Upper GI Lower GI Approximately 30’ in length from mouth to anus

3. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 3 Understand the functions of the digestive system

4. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 4 Primary structures Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Accessory structures Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Structures of the digestive system

5. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 5 Structures of the digestive system Mouth (buccal cavity) Tongue Teeth Salivary Glands Palate Uvula

6. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 6 Functions of the digestive system Mouth (buccal cavity) What digestive system functions occur in the mouth? –Mechanical and Chemical digestion. In the Mouth, actions of the saliva and rolling motion of the tongue turn food into a soft, pliable ball called a Bolus.

7. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 7 Structures of the digestive system Palate Hard Soft Uvula Flap of skin hanging in the back of the throat

8. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 8 Functions of the digestive system What are the functions of these oral cavity structures? Palate Uvula To prevent food from entering nasal cavity when swallowing

9. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 9 Structures of the digestive system Tongue Attached to floor of mouth Made of skeletal muscle attached to four bones Taste buds on the surface Sweet Sour Bitter Salty

10. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 10 Functions of the digestive system Tongue What is the digestive system function of the tongue? -Aid in mechanical digestion and taste (see 4 basic tastes)

11. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 11 Structures of the digestive system Teeth Primary (deciduous) 20 “baby teeth” Secondary (permanent) 32 “adult teeth”

12. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 12 Functions of the digestive system Teeth Define mastication- chewing How is the tooth’s shape related to its function? Incisors-sharpe edges for biting Cuspids-pointed for tearing Bicuspids-broad with ridges for grinding Molars-ridges for crushing/grinding Gingivae-gum tissue

13. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 13 Structures of the digestive system Pharynx (throat) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx Common passageway for food & air Site of Deglutition (swallowing)

14. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive systema 14 Functions of the digestive system Salivary glands What is the function of the salivary glands?— To secrete enzymes to aid in chemical breakdown of food. What chemical action takes place in the mouth as a result?- Chemical digestion of carbohydrates aids in the transformation of food into a soft, pliable ball called a bolus. Main enzyme-Ptyalin

15. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 15 Structures of the digestive system Salivary glands Parotid gland Largest salivary gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland

16. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 16 Structures of the digestive system Esophagu s Muscular tube, 10” long Connects the pharynx and stomach Esophageal wall layers –Mucosa –Submucosa –Muscular –External serous Function is to push food thru by peristalsis to stomach

17. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 17 Structures of the digestive system Stomach Upper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity Fundus Body Pylorus Cardiac Sphincter Pyloric Sphincter Rugae

18. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 18 Functions of the digestive system Stomach-ULQ Cardiac Sphincter-opening from esophagus Pyloric Sphincter-at end of stomach where it empties into the Duodenum of small intestine When stomach is empty, gastric mucosa is in folds called Rugae. Action of churning in stomach and gastric juices changes bolus into semiliquid-chyme. How long does it take for the stomach to empty? Page 391

19. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 19 Structures of the digestive system Small intestines Duodenum First segment 12” long Jejunum Second segment 8’ long Ileum Third segment 10-12’ long

20. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 20 Functions of the digestive system Small Intestine What digestive process occurs here? Absorption. Villi-tiny projections containing blood/capillaries that absorb the nutrients.

21. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 21 Structures of the digestive system Accessories… Pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes Located behind stomach Also an Endocrine gland- secretes Insulin Trypsin-enzyme that breaks down proteins and AA Liver Largest organ of body Connects to gall bladder and small intestine by ducts Gall Bladder Stores and concentrates bile until needed by body

22. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 22 Functions of the digestive system Liver What are the functions of the liver? Manufacture Bile for digestion of fat Produce/store glucose as glycogen Detoxify alcohol,drugs, etc.. Manufacture blood proteins Prepare urea(waste of metabolism of proteins/Amino acids Produces Vitamin D Stores Vit A, D, and B Complex Breakdown hormones not needed Remove old RBCs and recirc Iron

23. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 23 Functions of the digestive system Gallbladder What is the function of the gallbladder- Stores and concentrates bile when not needed by body. Releases bile when high fat foods enter small intestine. Why is this function important?

24. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 24 Structures of the digestive system Large intestines Approximately 2” in diameter 5’ long Ileum of small intestine empties chyme into large in- testine at the LRQ at Ileocecal valve of Cecum. Appendix is just below cecum. Large Intestine/Colon is site of absorption of water back into blood, bacterial action to break down undigested food, gas and fecal formation.

25. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 25 Functions of the digestive system Large intestine What type of diet promotes colon health? Text p 393

26. 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 26 Structures of the digestive system Check your knowledge…

27. Fecal transplant Allows the bacteria from the healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 27  Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines Symptoms range from persistent diarrhea to life- threatening inflammation of the colon to death

28. What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens? On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 28

29. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 29 Act of Digestion Discuss each action of the digestive system… Ingestion Mastication Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion

30. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 30 Disorders of the digestive system text P 420 Anorexia Decreased or poor appetite Symptom Anorexia nervosa Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat Psychiatric disorder

31. Bulimia Nervosa Text p 422 Difference between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa ?

32. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 32 Disorders of the digestive system Caries What is another name for caries? What are caries?

33. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 33 Disorders of the digestive system Cholecystitis What is cholecystitis? What are the symptoms? How is it treated? Cholelithiasis

34. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 34 Disorders of the digestive system Cleft palate What is cleft palate? What is its impact on health? Who have this condition?

35. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 35 Disorders of the digestive system Cirrhosis What is cirrhosis? What are the symptoms?

36. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 36 Disorders of the digestive system Constipation What is constipation? What are some causes? What is obstipation?

37. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 37 Disorders of the digestive disorders Diarrhea Define diarrhea. What causes it? What are the effects on your health?

38. Disorders of the digestive disorders Gastroenteritis What is gastroenteritis? What causes it? What healthcare professional would you see for treatment? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 38

39. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 39 Disorders of the digestive system Hepatitis-Inflammation of liver from contraction of a Virus Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E What are some common symptoms of hepatitis ? How is Hepatitis A transmitted vs Hepatitis B, C D and E?

40. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 40 Disorders of the digestive system Irritable bowel syndrome – text p 396 Irritable bowel syndrome-(IBS) is a common disorder that affects your large intestine (colon). Commonly causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating gas, diarrhea and constipation. Despite these uncomfortable signs and symptoms, IBS doesn't cause permanent damage to your colon. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/irritable-bowel- syndrome/multimedia/irritable-bowel- syndrome/vid-20084703 **Define Chrohn’s Disease & Ulcerative Colitis –hint AUTOIMMUNE

41. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 41 Disorders of the digestive system Peptic ulcer What is a peptic ulcer? What causes it? How is it treated?

42. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 42 Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems Obesity is one of the most common nutritional diseases in our society Lack of exercise Overeating Wt = 15% > optimum body wt High Body Mass Index (BMI)

43. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system Vitamins /Text p 414 Fat soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K Water soluble Vitamins C, B **Look up functions of Vitamin C___________ _________ Electrolytes Calcium –bone/teeth Aids in blood clotting Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 43