1. Hydrocephalus

2. Hydrocephalus also known as "water on the brain", is a medical condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain.cerebrospinal fluid ventriclesbrain

4. This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skullintracranial pressure skull progressive enlargement of the head convulsion blurred vision, and mental disability. Hydrocephalus can also cause death. Although it does occur in older adults, it is more common in infants

5. Classification

6. Hydrocephalus can be caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, reabsorption, or excessive CSF production. cerebrospinal fluid The most common cause of hydrocephalus is CSF flow obstruction (e.g., stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct or obstruction of the interventricular foramina - foramina of Monro secondary to tumors, hemorrhages, infections or congenital malformations).obstructionstenosis cerebral aqueduct interventricular foraminatumorshemorrhages infectionscongenital Hydrocephalus can also be caused by overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Choroid plexus papilloma, villous hypertrophy). Choroid plexus papilloma

7. Based on its underlying mechanisms, hydrocephalus can be classified into communicating and non- communicating (obstructive). Both forms can be either congenital or acquired.

8. Communicating hydrocephalus, also known as non-obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption in the absence of any CSF-flow obstruction between the ventricles and subarachnoid space. Various neurologic conditions may result in communicating hydrocephalus, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis and congenital absence of arachnoid villi..meningitis

9. Non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus, is caused by a CSF-flow obstruction ultimately preventing CSF from flowing into the subarachnoid space (either due to external compression or intraventricular mass lesions).

10. Congenital Arnold-Chiari malformation Dandy-Walker malformation Aqueduct atresia and stenosis

11. Acquired This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS infections, meningitis, brain tumors, head trauma, intracranial hemorrhage.infections meningitisbrain tumorshead trauma intracranial hemorrhage

12. Signs and symptoms

13. Acute dilatation of the ventricular system is more likely to manifest with the nonspecific signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure: vomiting, nausea, papilledema, sleepiness or coma. Elevated intracranial pressure may result in uncal and/or cerebellar tonsill herniation, with resulting life-threatening brain stem compression. vomiting nauseapapilledemasleepinesscomaintracranial pressureuncalcerebellar tonsill brain stem

14. Infants with hydrocephalus presented with: soft, bulge fontanelle fontanelle the head larger than expected Eyes that appear to gaze downward Irritability Seizures Separated sutures Sleepiness Vomiting.

16. Symptoms that may occur in older children can include: Brief, shrill, high-pitched cry; Changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think; Changes in facial appearance and eye spacing Crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements Difficulty feeding Excessive sleepiness Headache Irritability Loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence) Muscle spasticity (spasm) Slow growth (child 0–5 years) Slow or restricted movement Vomiting.

17. Treatment

18. Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical, generally utilizing various types of cerebral shuntstreatment cerebral shunts ventriculo-peritoneal shunt ventriculo-atrial shunt ventriculo-pleural shunt Lumbar-peritoneal shunt

19. An alternative treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus is: the endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), whereby a surgically created opening in the floor of the third ventricle allows the CSF to flow directly to the basal cisterns, thereby shortcutting any obstruction, as in aqueductal stenosis.endoscopic third ventriculostomyaqueductal stenosis

20. Shunt complication Examples of possible complications include : 1. shunt malfunction 2. shunt failure 3. shunt infection 4. shunt obstruction