1. Uncertainty and Retirement Planning Lecture for FIN 352 Professor Dow CSUN 2016

2. The situation (from the last presentation) Save and invest money until retirement (the accumulation phase) Once retired, withdraw money from investment accounts (the spending phase) We solved the problem in reverse order Spending phase: How much do you need each year in retirement? This determines desired (target) wealth at retirement Accumulation phase Goal is to end with the targeted level of wealth How much do you need to save to reach the target?

3. Timeline of Wealth Now End of Life Date of Retirement Add money each year Withdraw money each year Wealth

4. The accumulation phase Two decisions How much to save each month The asset allocation This affects the portfolio return (and risk) On a financial calculator N: number of years to retirement PV: starting wealth PMT: How much you save each year I: The return to your portfolio FV: Your target wealth

5. Generating an wealth path Wealth grows over time because: Additional savings Under your control given your income Reinvested income generated by your assets Cannot control returns in the markets, but… Average returns and risk depends on asset allocation of your portfolio Equation: W t+1 = (1+R t )W t + S t W: Wealth S: Savings R: Portfolio Return

6. Wealth path if no uncertainty Retirement Date Wealth Start Date Target Wealth

7. Uncertainty of portfolio return Treat R as a random variable If asset allocation is between stocks and bonds, Portfolio return in a given year is an average of the return on stocks and the return on bonds R p = xR s + (1-x)R b (where x is the share of stock in the stock in the portfolio) Assuming a normal distribution for stock and bond returns E(R p ) = xE(R s ) + (1-x)E(R b ) σ p = sqrt( x 2 σ s 2 +(1-x) 2 σ b 2 +2x(1-x)σ s σ b ρ sb ) Portfolio returns ~N(E(R p ), σ p )

8. Generating a sample wealth path Each year draw random variable from N(E(R p ), σ p ) Update wealth using W t+1 = (1+R t )W t + S t Continue until you hit the retirement date This is one possible path that your investment future could take. This is called a simulation

9. Generating a wealth path Retirement Date Wealth Start Date Target Wealth

10. Generating a distribution No guarantee of any particular outcome Many possible paths Monte Carlo analysis Randomly generate 1,000’s of possible paths Summarize results by distribution of ending wealth

11. Generating a distribution Retirement Date Wealth Start Date Target Wealth Probability distribution of wealth at retirement Total probability of not meeting goal

12. How do we measure success? Traditional risk measures Standard deviation (as measure of uncertainty) Sharpe ratio (as measure of reward-to-variability tradeoff) Downside Risk: Probability of not-meeting goals Probability distribution of wealth at retirement How often do we end up with less wealth than our target? And by how much ? Other measures Maximum Drawdown Sortino Ratio (R p -R t )/DR DR= Downside semi-deviation

13. Monte Carlo simulator in Excel On class website Three asset classes Stocks Bonds Cash Assumptions Set distributions for three asset classes Length of time until retirement Target wealth Choices Asset allocation Starting Increase or decrease each year Evaluation Shows probability of missing the target If this is too high (or too low) Change asset allocation strategy Change target wealth Change years to retirment

14. The spending phase Goal is to make sure you do not outlive your money Two decisions How much to withdraw each year The asset allocation This affects the portfolio return (and risk) On a financial calculator N: number of years to retirement PV: wealth at retirement PMT: How much you withdraw each year I: The return to your portfolio FV: Ending wealth (0 in case with no uncertainty, or > 0 if bequests)

15. The spending phase Risk from? Uncertain lifespan Asset returns Expenses How long will you live? Life tables can show median life expectancy 50% chance you will live longer Should plan for living longer than life expectancy This gives you target date for how long your wealth should last

16. Sample wealth paths in retirement Retirement Date Wealth Target Date Unsuccessful path Ran out of money too soon Successful path

17. Monte Carlo simulators Fixed target date Chose asset allocation and withdrawal strategies Withdrawal strategies as Levels Rates Generate wealth paths Calculate probability of running out of money If risk is too high Reduce spending Change asset allocation Problem is that reducing risk also reduces expected return

18. Handling risk of life expectancy Be conservative, plan for a longer retirement phase Chose withdrawal rate accordingly Annuitize Social security and defined-benefit pensions Own your home Life annuities