1. DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS (VERTEBRATE ANIMALS) G9 Alpha and Delta – 2011 Mr. ARNOLD, Rafael

2. Vertebrates Vertebrae (backbone) present; Endoskeleton; 5% of animal species; The most studied organisms

3. Most vertebrates are FISH More than 29.000 species;

4. Adaptations

6. Jawless Fish The simplest fish; Tubelike shape; No jaw bone but teeth are present; Digestive system without a stomach; Lamprey Hagfish

7. Cartilaginous Fish Skeleton made of a flexible tissue called cartilage; They can feed biting or filtering; A complete digestive system is present. White Shark Whale Shark Ray

8. Bony Fish Most types of fish are bony (96%); Skeletons made of bone; Overlapping scales are present; Jaw, teeth and fins are present; TunaGoldfish Eel

9. Reproduction Most of the times it is sexually; There is a male and a female in the species; Most young fish develop in an egg outside the mother;

11. Review 5.1 Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 5.

12. Ambhibians and Reptiles are adapted for life on land

13. Amphibians

15. They lay their eggs in water (egg is fertilized outside the female); They obtain oxygen through their skin; Many also have lungs;

17. Reptiles

19. Tough dry skin cover by scales; They obtain oxygen from the air using their lungs; Sexual reproduction (females lay hard shell eggs);

20. The body temperature of Amphibians and Reptiles What are Ectotherm animals? Textbook page 170

21. Birds Most birds can fly; They are endotherms (textbook page 174); They can generate heat and control body temperature;

22. Adaptations for flight

24. Adaptations for feeding

25. Reproduction Sexual; There is a specific season for reproduction; They lay eggs with shells (incubation); Most bisrd take care of their offspring;

28. Mammals

29. What characteristics all mammals have in common? There are less than 5.000 different species of mammals on Earth; They can be found in a very diversity of shapes, colors and sizes;

30. All mammals have hairs during some part of their lives; Most mammal species have teeth specialized for consuming particular kinds of food; All mammal species produce milk, with which they feed their offspring.

33. All mammals are endotherms As learned previously, endothermic animals are able to control their temperature to stay active even in cold environments; Animals can shiver in order to maintain their temperature; What other adaptations are there?

34. Body Fat A fat tissue named blubber is present mainly in mammals that live in water to overcome the lack of hair.

35. Hair Hair is an adaptation that allows mammals to have some control over the warmth or coldnes of their bodies; Most mammals have at least two tipes of hair: – Soft and fluffy underhairs keep heat close to their bodies; – Straight thicker hair protects them from water.

36. Camouflage and specialized hair

37. Reproductive Adaptations Mammals reproduce sexually; Most of them don’t live in groups, so there is a need of finding a mate; Some species reproduce throughhout the year, others, at certain times; Males are usually bigger, stronger or colorful to call the attention of the female.

39. Development before birth The embryo develops inside the female; There is a special organ called placenta that transports nutrients, water and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the embryo; Except for the...

40. Marsupials They develop during a short period of time in a placenta- like structure; The development continuous outside the body, in a ‘bag’ called marsupium.

41. Gestational Length Animal Average gestation period (days) Rabbits33 Cats62 Dogs65 Lions108 Pigs115 Sheep150 Humans259-294 Cattle283 Horses336 Elephants600-660

42. Raising young In females, mamary glands produce milk, a high energy liquid food full of proteins, fats, sugars and other nutrients; In most species the female gestates and cares for the offspring, but sometimes the male also helps.

43. Homework due Aug 22-23 Review – 5.1  1, 2, 3, 5; – 5.2  1, 2, 3. – 5.3  1, 3, 5; – 5.4  1, 2, 3.