1. Comprehensive Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis N Engl J Med 2008;359:563-74. R2 이 설 라

2. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - resistance to at least isoniazid, rifampin, and members of three of six classes of 2nd-line drugs Tx for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - the most active 2nd-line drug classes - fluoroquinolones and injectable agents Tx for extensively drug resistant tuberculosis - the probability of cure is often even lower ▫In Peru, Outpatient therapy- provided free of charge to patients through a country’s public health system delivered by community health workers

3. ▫This report Baseline prevalence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis Characteristics of patients receiving individualized tuberculosis treatment Strategy used Outcomes achieved in treating patients

4. Methods Retrospective study In Lima, Peru, between February 1, 1999, ~ July 31, 2002 Outpatient treatment, free of charge to patients by a consortium led by the National Tuberculosis Program  Study Population 810 patients with tuberculosis treated unsuccessfully Drug-susceptibility test results for at least four drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolone, 2nd-line injectable drug (kanamycin, capreomycin, or amikacin)

5.  Drug-Susceptibility Testing and Treatment Empirical therapy (the treatment and contact history) Regimens : at least five antituberculosis agents (including a fluoroquinolone and an injectable agent) Duration : at least 18 months for oral agents and at least 8 months after culture conversion for the injectable drug ▫Not effective Extending the duration of treatment with the injectable agent or whole regimen, adding other drugs, or both.

6. Results

13. Two or more of the following agents

16. Discussion Aggressive, comprehensive management program can cure more than 60% of patients with extensively drug- resistant tuberculosis Culture conversion was delayed by 1 month in XDR tuberculosis as compared with those who had MDR tuberculosis Several principles of Mx of highly resistant disease in this program

17. I.Aggressive regimens — with many drugs, at the highest tolerated doses — were used 3 agents with little prior use in Peru: capreomycin, PAS, and cycloserine Capreomycin, a polypeptide, was used in 25 of the patients with XDR tuberculosis or Streptomycin Moxifloxacin and levofloxacin were included Amoxicillin–clavulanate, clarithromycin, clofazimine, and rifabutin

18. II.Resective surgery was indicated for patients with high- grade resistance, relatively localized disease, and lack of initial response poor outcome (28.6% vs. 39.6%) III. Frequent contact with health care workers afforded many benefits IV.Bacteriologic assessment was integral to the strategy Individualized regimen design relied on the results of baseline drug-susceptibility testing

19. Drug-resistance mutations during sequential exposure to inadequate treatment regimens reflects the danger of using second-line agents in uncontrolled situations or as part of inadequate regimens Several limitations ① Study design (observational study ) ② the small number of patients preclude identification of patient or treatment characteristics ③ Data on the frequency of adverse events, and their effect on completion of the regimen, were not available

20.  Conclusions despite the limited resources Aggressive regimens, as part of a comprehensive outpatient therapeutic approach, cured more than half of patients with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis who had previously been treated for tuberculosis.