1. Migration Where are migrants distributed?

2. Key Issues Where are migrants distributed? Where do people migrate within a country? Why do people migrate? Why do migrants face obstacles?

3. Migration versus Movement Migration A permanent relocation of one’s place of residence & usually long-distance Can be international or internal Cyclical Movement When people move back & forth between two places or among a few locations Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism

4. Migration versus Movement Periodic Movement Similar to cyclical movement but longer in duration Example: guest workers allowed to work in a country for a limited amount of time to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will return to their country of origin once the labor need subsides. have short term work visas send remittances to home country Migrant labor Transhumance Military service

5. Migration A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration. The flow of migration always involves two-way connections: Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is migration to a location. Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from and to it. Emigrant: Place A → Place B Immigrant: Place B → Place A

6. Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a place’s net migration. If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists. If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists.

7. Migration Mobility is a generalized term that refers to all types of movements Journeying each day to work or school Weekly visits to local shops Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation. Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring

8. Types of Migration Primitive Migration Hunter / Gatherers Mass Migration (aka Group Migration) Involves a large # of people, such as colonialism Free Migration Deciding to migrate without coercion, support, or compulsion Restricted Migration Migration today is limited by laws, quotas, etc.

9. Types of Migration Impelled & Forced Migration Trail of Tears Japanese-American internment camps Nazi resettlement Slavery Rural-to-Urban Migration

11. Measuring Migration Gross Migration The total # of people that leave & enter a country Net Migration The difference between the # of people who leave & the # of people who enter Out-Migration The total # of people who leave a country In-Migration The total # of people who arrive in a country

12. Distance of Migration 19 th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

13. Why do People Migrate? Ravenstein’s Laws 1.More people migrate a short distance than a long distance 2.There is a flow of migrants from remote areas to less remote areas and finally to the cities. 3.Flows of migration also create small counterflows. 4.Long-distance migrants are more likely to be heading to a major city. 5.Urban residents are less likely to migrate than are people who live in the country. 6.Women migrate more than men, but they tend to migrate shorter distances. Ravenstein believed that long-distance migrants were more apt to be men.

14. Distance of Migration Migration can be divided into two categories. 1.International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary - motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced 2.Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.

15. International Migration Patterns Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants. Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania

16. INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.

17. GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net out-migration are in blue.