1. Management for improving Reproductive efficiency ผศ. ชัยวัฒน์ จรัสแสง

2. Causes of reproductive inefficiency  Estrus detection and control  Artificial insemination  Embryonic loss  Management at transitional periods

3. Transitional period managements  Before calving 2-3 weeks  Calving period  Post-caving period 2-3 weeks

4. Transitional periods  Physiological change  Metabolic change  Nutritional change

6. Transitional periods monitoring  Body condition score management (BCS).  Negative energy balance (NEB).  Milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia.  Rumen health.  Trace elements and antioxidant status.

7.  Dry cows 3.5-3.75  Over condition scored > 4.0

9. Prevention  ADE & Se injection before calving  BCS  Dystocia cares  NEB  propylene glycol  Calcium  Temperature care 7 days postpartum

11. Reproductive efficiency in sow and gilt  Farrowing rate  Farrowing index  Conception rate  Non-productive or empty day  Piglet born per sow per year Total number and number of born live

12. Reproductive cycle  Gestation115 days  Lactation21-28 days  Interval from weaning to estrus5 days  Total days per cycle 141-148 days Farrowing index = 2.5 -2.6

13. Targets for reproductive efficiency  Litters/sow/year>2.3  Farrowing rate> 85 %  Non-repeat rate>90 %  Liter size>11.5 Born live>11 Born dead<0.5 Mummified<0.5

14. Reproductive problem  Anestrus  Conception failure  Pregnancy failure

15. Anestrus  Delay estrus Weaning to estrus 4-6 days  Absence of estrus behavior  Subestrus - Boar estrus detection  accurate 98 % - Stimulate  20 minute per days

16. Treatment of anestrus  True anestrus  400 IU eCG and 200 IU hCG (PG600) Estrus 87.6 %

17. Conception failure  Return to estrus  18-24 days  Non-return rate >90 days  Return rate >10 %

18. Factor in conception failure  Timing of service 36-44 hrs after onset of standing heat Spermatozoa 24 hrs Second mating 18-24 hrs  Quality of service  Semen quality

19. Pregnancy failure Pre-attachment before 13-14 days Embryonic days 14-35 Fetal after 35 days  Failure of establish pregnancy  Failure of an established pregnancy

20. Failure of establish pregnancy  Maternal recognized of pregnancy  Prevention Decrease stress : mating to 7 days Moving Environments

21. Failure of an established pregnancy Infectious Vaginal discharge Embryonic death  re-absorption  Low litter size Fetal death  mummified Viral infection