1. The Alligation Method DeAna Smalls PBP Program August 4, 2016

2. What Are Dilutions and Concentration? Concentration – the amount of a particular substance (solute/active ingredient) present in another substance (solvent/base). Dilution - Process of making a substance weaker or dilute This is usually accomplished by either adding more solvent or a solution that has a weaker concentration of active ingredient Used to reach desired concentrations

3. General Understanding – When a mixture/solution is diluted, the amount of active ingredient remains constant – A sample of a mixture/solution has the same concentration as the stock solution. – If a mixture/solution is diluted to double its volume, its concentration is reduced by half – Ex: 5g in 100mL = 5% w/v 5g in 200mL = 2.5% w/v – If a mixture/solution is concentrated to half its original volume, its concentration is doubled – Ex: 5g in 100mL = 5% w/v 5g in 50mL = 10% w/v

4. General Understanding

5. Quantity and Concentration Example 1: If 500 mL of a 15% v/v solution of methyl salicylate in alcohol are diluted to 1500 mL, what will be the percentage strength v/v?

6. Quantity and Concentration Example 1: If 500 mL of a 15% v/v solution of methyl salicylate in alcohol are diluted to 1500 mL, what will be the percentage strength v/v?

7. Quantity and Concentration Example 2: How many milliliters of water for injection must be added to 10 liters of a 50%(w/v) dextrose injection to reduce the concentration to 30% (w/v)

8. Quantity and Concentration Example 3: How many milliliters of a 5% (w/v) solution of menthol in alcohol should be used to obtain the amount of menthol needed in preparing the lotion? – Menthol 0.1% – Hexachlorophene 0.1% – Glycerin 10.0% – Alcohol 70% to make 500mL

9. Need, Have, Add Example 4: How many grams of 20% benzocaine ointment and how many grams of ointment base (diluent) should be used in preparing 5 lb of 2.5% benzocaine ointment?

10. Need, Have, Add Example 4: How many grams of 20% benzocaine ointment and how many grams of ointment base (diluent) should be used in preparing 5 lb of 2.5% benzocaine ointment? Need: 2.5% benzocaine x = 56.7g needed Have: 20% benzocaine = 20g benzocaine per 100g of ointment Add : x = 800g 800g – 100g = 700g of base added Final Answer: 20% benzocaine = 100g ointment base = 700g

11. Need, Have, Add Example 5: How many grams of coal tar should be added to 3200 g of 5% coal tar ointment to prepare an ointment containing 20% of coal tar?

12. Need, Have, Add Example 6: How many grams of opium containing 15% (w/w) of morphine and how many grams of lactose should be used to prepare 150 g of opium containing 10% (w/w) of morphine?

13. The Box Method Example 7: How many milliliters of water should be added to 100 mL of a 1:125 (w/v) solution to make a solution such that 25 mL diluted to 100 mL will yield a 1:4000 dilution?

14. The Box Method Step 1: Draw as many boxes as there are dilutions How many milliliters of water should be added to 100 mL of a 1:125 (w/v) solution to make a solution such that 25 mL diluted to 100 mL will yield a 1:4000 dilution?

15. The Box Method Step 2: Break down the problem. For each dilution there should be a volume and an amount (in grams). Include concentration if applicable. How many milliliters of water should be added to 100 mL of a 1:125 (w/v) solution to make a solution such that 25 mL diluted to 100 mL will yield a 1:4000 dilution? Conc: 1:125 w/v Amount: Volume: 100 Amount: Volume: 25 mL Conc: 1:4000 Amount: Volume: 100 mL Amount: Volume: 100 + x

16. The Box Method Step 3: Use the given values to find what is missing. Conc: 1:125 w/v Amount: Volume: 100 Amount: 0.025g Volume: 25 mL Conc: 1:4000 Amount: 0.025g Volume: 100 mL Amount: Volume: 100 + x

17. The Box Method Step 3: Use the given values to find what is missing. Conc: 1:125 w/v Amount: 0.8g Volume: 100 Conc: 1:4000 Amount: 0.025g Volume: 100 mL Amount: 0.025g Volume: 25 mL Amount: 0.8g Volume: 100 + x

18. The Box Method Step 3: Use the given values to find what is missing. Conc: 1:125 w/v Amount: 0.8g Volume: 100 Conc: 1:4000 Amount: 0.025g Volume: 100 mL Amount: 0.025g Volume: 25 mL Amount: 0.8g Volume: 100 + x

19. The Box Method Example 8: A protein solution is prepared by dissolving 40 mg of protein in 10 mL of water. 0.5 mL of this solution is diluted to a volume of 20 mL. How many mg of protein will be in a 2 mL sample of the diluted solution?

20. The Box Method Example 9: What weight of ingredient is required to produce 1000mL of a solution such that, when 2.5mL of it is diluted to 50mL, it gives a 0.25% w/v solution?

21. What Are Alligations? – A shortcut method of solving mathematical problems involving mixtures – Two types: – Alligation medial: Finds the quantity of a mixture based off the given amount of ingredients – Alligation alternate: Find the quantity of each ingredient needed to make a given amount of mixture

22. Intro to A. Medial: A Step by Step Guide What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of 3000 mL of 40% alcohol, 1000 mL of 60% alcohol, and 1000 mL of 70% alcohol? (assume no contraction of volume) This problem involves the use of alligation medial

23. Intro to A. Medial: A Step by Step Guide Step 1: List the ingredients and their corresponding percentages What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of: – 3000 mL of 40% alcohol – 1000 mL of 60% alcohol – 1000 mL of 70% alcohol

24. Intro to A. Medial: A Step by Step Guide Step 2: use the percentages to find the amount of alcohol present in each ingredient What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of: – 3000 mL of 40% alcohol: (3000 x 0.4)= 1200 mL alcohol – 1000 mL of 60% alcohol: (1000 x 0.6)= 600 mL alcohol – 1000 mL of 70% alcohol: (1000 x 0.7)= 700 mL alcohol

25. Intro to A. Medial: A Step by Step Guide Step 3: add the calculated amounts alcohol present and the total volume of the mixture What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of: – 3000 mL of 40% alcohol: (3000 x 0.4)= 1200 mL alcohol – 1000 mL of 60% alcohol: (1000 x 0.6)= 600 mL alcohol – +1000 mL of 70% alcohol: (1000 x 0.7)= + 700 mL alcohol 5000 mL total 2500 mL alcohol

26. Intro to A. Medial: A Step by Step Guide Step 4: find the percentage (v/v) of alcohol based on the calculations What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of: – 3000 mL of 40% alcohol: (3000 x 0.4)= 1200 mL alcohol – 1000 mL of 60% alcohol: (1000 x 0.6)= 600 mL alcohol – +1000 mL of 70% alcohol: (1000 x 0.7)= + 700 mL alcohol 5000 mL total 2500 mL alcohol 2500 x 100 = 50% alcohol (v/v) 5000

27. Lets Practice! Example 9: What is the percentage of alcohol in the following mixture? Tincture A - 110 mL 35% alcohol Tincture B - 220 mL 25% alcohol Tincture C - 330 mL 20% alcohol

28. Lets Practice! Example 10: What is the percentage strength of alcohol in a mixture of 500mL of a solution containing 40% v/v alcohol, 400mL of a second solution containing 21% v/v alcohol, and a sufficient quantity of a nonalcoholic third solution to make a total of 1000mL?

29. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide How many milliliters of 2.5 w/v chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection and how many milliliters of 0.9% w/v NaCl injection should be used to prepare 500 mL of a 0.3% w/v chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection? This problem involves the use of alligation alternate

30. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 1: separate what you have from what you want to get How many milliliters of 2.5% w/v chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection and how many milliliters of 0.9% w/v NaCl injection should be used to prepare 500 mL of a 0.3% w/v chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection? Have: To get: 2.5% CPZ 0.3% CPZ O.9% NaCl

31. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 2: subtract the percentages diagonally (tic-tac-toe). This results in a specific proportion or part of each ingredient to be used Have: To get: Parts: 2.5% CPZ 0.6 parts chloropromazine HCl 0.3% CPZ O.9% NaCl 2.2 parts NaCl

32. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 3: calculate the total parts. This is results in the total proportion of the mixture Have: To get: Parts: 2.5% CPZ 0.6 parts chloropromazine HCl 0.3% CPZ O.9% NaCl + 2.2 parts NaCl 2.8 total parts

33. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 4: set up a proportion to find the quantity of each ingredient needed 0.6 parts chloropromazine HCl 2.2 parts NaCl 2.8 Total Parts (500 mL) 2.2/2.8 = x/500 mL 2.8x =1100 x = 392.857 mL of sodium chloride injection 0.6/2.8 = x/500 mL 2.8x = 300 x = 107.143 mL of chloropromazine HCL injection

34. Lets Practice! Example 11: In what proportion should 20% benzocaine ointment be mixed with an ointment base to produce a 2.5% benzocaine ointment?

35. Lets Practice! Example 12: How many milliliters of each of two liquids with specific gravities of 0.950 and 0.875 should be used to prepare 1500 mL of a liquid having a specific gravity of 0.925?

36. Lets Practice! Example 13: Rx Castor Oil5.0 mL Euresol15.0 mL Alcohol 85%ad240.0 mL How many milliliters each of 95% (v/v) alcohol and water should be used in preparing the prescription?

37. Lets Practice! Example 14: The formula for a buffer solution contains 1.24% (w/v) of boric acid. How many milliliters of a 5% (w/v) boric acid solution should be used to obtain the boric acid needed in preparing 1 liter of the buffer solution?

38. Lets Practice! Example 15: You have in stock a 30gram tube of 1% hydrocortisone cream and a 45 gram tube of 2.5% hydrocortisone cream and you need to prepare a 30 gram tube of 2% hydrocortisone. How much of each tube do you use to create this new concentration?

39. Lets Practice! Example 16: You need a 200 ml stock solution of 10mg/ml aminophylline to prepare several unit-dose oral syringes. You carry the standard 25mg/ml aminophylline solution. How much water and standard aminophylline (25 mg/ml) do you combine to create this new solution?

40. Lets Practice! Example 17: How much water should you mix with 70% isopropyl alcohol to make 500 ml of 20% alcohol?

41. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide A hospital pharmacist wants to use three lots of ichthammol ointment containing, respectively, 50%, 20%, and 5% ichthammol. In what proportion should they be mixed to prepare a 10% ichthammol ointment?

42. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 1: separate what you have from what you want to get A hospital pharmacist wants to use three lots of ichthammol ointment containing, respectively, 50%, 20%, and 5% ichthammol. In what proportion should they be mixed to prepare a 10% ichthammol ointment? Have:To Get: 50% 20%10% 5%

43. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 2: arrage the haves in such a way that your to get falls in between their ranges numerically. Have:To Get: 50% 10% 5% 20% 10% 5% It’s essentially combining two alligations in one

44. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 3: : subtract the percentages diagonally, but only as they are arranged, to calculate the proportion needed. Have:To Get:Parts: 50%5 10% 5%40 20%5 10% 5%10

45. Intro to A. Alternate: A Step by Step Guide Step 4: combine the parts that share the same percentage Have:Parts: 50% 5 20% 5 5% 10 + 40 = 50 Ratio = 5:5:50 or 1:1:10