1. Read Summary Notes, page 69, “Emission Spectra.” 30/09/2016 Background to Spectra. Continuous spectra In a continuous spectrum all frequencies of radiation (colours) are present in the spectrum. The continuous spectrum colours are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

2. Line spectra Some sources of light do not produce continuous spectra when viewed through a spectroscope. They produce line spectra – coloured lines spaced out by different amounts. Only specific, well-defined frequencies of radiation (colours) are emitted.

3. View the Emission Spectra from various gases, through the hand held sceptroscope. Read Summary Notes, page 70 and 71, “Line Emission Spectra.” Line Emission Spectra A line spectrum is emitted by excited atoms in a low pressure gas. Each element emits its own unique line spectrum that can be used to identify that element. The spectrum of helium was first observed in light from the sun (Greek - helios), and only then was helium searched for and identified on Earth. A line emission spectrum can be observed using either a spectroscope or a spectrometer using a grating or prism.

4. As with the photoelectric effect, line emission spectra cannot be explained by the wave theory of light. In 1913, Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist, first explained the production of line emission spectra. This explanation depends on the behaviour of both the electrons in atoms and of light to be quantised. The electrons in a free atom are restricted to particular radii of orbits. A free atom does not experience forces due to other surrounding atoms. Each orbit has a discrete energy associated with it and as a result they are often referred to as energy levels. Electron orbits

5. The Bohr model is able to explain emission spectra as;  electrons exist only in allowed orbits and they do not radiate energy if they stay in this orbit.  electrons tend to occupy the lowest available energy level, i.e. the level closest to the nucleus.  electrons in different orbits have different energies.  electrons can only jump between allowed orbits. If an electron absorbs a photon of exactly the right energy, it moves up to a higher energy level.  if an electron drops down from a high to a low energy state it emits a photon which carries away the energy, i.e light is emitted when electrons drop from high energy levels to low energy levels. The allowed orbits of electrons can be represented in an energy level diagram. Energy level diagram, page 59 Electrons can exist either in the ground state, E0, which is the orbit closest to the nucleus (shown as the dashed line at the bottom) or in various excited states, E1–E4. These correspond to orbits further away from the nucleus. An electron which has gained just enough energy to leave the atom has 0J kinetic energy. This is the ionisation level. This means that an electron which is trapped in the atom has less energy and so it has a negative energy level.

6. The electrons move between the energy levels by absorbing or emitting a photon of electromagnetic radiation with just the correct energy to match the gap between energy levels. As a result only a few frequencies of light are emitted as there are a limited number of possible energy jumps or transitions. The lines on an emission spectrum are made by electrons making the transition from high energy levels (excited states) to lower energy levels (less excited states). When the electron drops the energy is released in the form of a photon where its energy and frequency are related by the energy difference between the two levels. For example take an electron dropping from level two to one; From this calculation we can go on and work out the frequency of the emitted photon.

7. increasing energy As we can see there are many different combination of gap between energy levels and as such there are numerous frequencies that can be emitted from one type of atom. From this we can say;  The photons emitted may not all be in the visible wavelength.  Only certain frequencies of light can be emitted from specific atoms. The larger the number of excited electrons that make a particular transition, the more photons are emitted and the brighter the line in the spectrum.

8. An example of the energy levels in a Hydrogen Atom, page 60.

9. Worked Example EoEo E1E1 E2E2 E3E3 E4E4 E - 21.8 x 10 -19 J (ground state) - 5.4 x 10 -19 J - 2.4 x 10 -19 J photon Q. 1. How much energy would an electron need to be excited from the ground state to the second energy level? (This energy would have to be absorbed by the electron) A.  E = E 2 – Eo = (-2.4 x 10 -19 )-(-21.8x10 -19 ) = 1.94 x 10 -18 J Q. 2. How much energy is given out when an electron’s energy falls from the 2nd energy to the 1 st energy level?

10. Q. 2. How much energy is given out when an electron’s energy falls from the 2nd energy to the 1 st energy level?` Over to you – Questions 1 – 4 on page 33.  E = E 2 – E 1 = 3x10 -19 J Q. 3. In this transition a photon is emitted. What is it’s frequency? Energy of transistion (i.e. energy given out)  E = 3x10 -19 J h = 6.63x10 -34 Js f = ? f =  E h = 4.5x10 14 Hz