1. Viktor Ristevski

2. Borrowing – adoption of linguistic elements from another language Reasons for borrowing: -Lack of creativity -Lack of a suitable word for a new concept -To discuss about things ‘forbidden’ in one’s native language Types of borrowing: -Direct -Indirect

3. Lack of creativity Speakers prefer borrowing an already existing word to creating a new one out of scratch. e.g. clothes: anorak (Eskimo), kimono (Japanese), shawl (Persian); animals: chimpanzee (Angola), koala (Australia), panda (Nepal), zebra (Congo). Lack of suitable words for new concepts When a new concept is introduced, speakers tend to borrow the already existing word for that concept, instead of inventing a new word. e.g. area, abdomen (Latin); alchemy, alcohol (Arabic); Blitzkrieg, Gestapo (German); karma, mantra (Indian).

4. To discuss about something ‘forbidden’ in one’s native language People often use borrowings of Romance languages (French, Latin, Italian) to talk about something unpleasant. e.g. faeces, genitalia (Latin); gigolo, madame (French); bordello (Italian) etc.

5. -Direct borrowing – when a word is taken directly from another language. e.g. omlette, ballade (French); shawl (Persian); balcony, mafia, casino (Italian); -Indirect borrowing – when a word is taken indirectly from another language e.g. shah (Persian) -> eschec (Middle French) -> chess; qahwah (Arabic) -> kahveh (Turkish) -> coffie (Dutch) -> coffee

6.  Cocoa  Comrade  Robot  Samurai  Skunk  Artichoke  Barbecue  Trek  Spanish  Slavic  Japanese  American Indian  Italian  Spanish  South African