1. SQL and Relational Algebra Edel Sherratt Nigel Hardy Horst Holstein

2. SQL DML and DDL DML – data manipulation language SELECT UPDATE DELETE INSERT INTO DDL – data definition language CREATE ALTER DROP

3. Relational Closure The output of a relational operation in relational algebra is a relation The output of an SQL query or update statement is a table

4. Recall Relational Algebra Project Removes “columns” (attributes) Written as: A [X, Y] returns a relation with two named attributes Duplicate tuples eliminated if the lost attributes distinguished them All attributes named - identity projection No attributes named - nullary projection

5. SQL SELECT as Projection SELECT A,B FROM T Selects columns from the table T Compare with relational algebra Project T[A,B]

6. SELECT as Projection SELECT * FROM T Selects all the columns from T Identity projection T[all attributes of T named]

7. SELECT as Projection But SELECT can deliver duplicates Unlike relational algebra Project Use SELECT DISTINCT to avoid duplicates

8. Relational Algebra Restrict Based on: one relation scalar operator Θ Θ could be, >=, > etc. two attributes Often represented by the word where One attribute can be replaced by an expression Examples A where X Θ Y B where r > s C where length < 42 Selects tuples Removes rows

9. RESTRICT people WHERE job = ‘Sales Rep’ RETURNS

10. SQL SELECT as Restriction SQL: SELECT * from People WHERE job = 'Sales Rep' Relational Algebra: People WHERE job = 'Sales Rep'

11. SQL operators in the WHERE clause SQL allows these operators =, <> (equal, not equal; sometimes != is used instead of <>) (less than, greater than) = (at most, at least) BETWEEN (inclusive range) LIKE (a pattern) IN (set of values for a column) AND, OR