1. Review of Europe What is the capital of… – Poland Warsaw – The UK London – Scotland or Wales Edinburgh or Cardiff – Ukraine Kiev

2. Review of Europe Which river runs from Germany to the Black Sea – Danube What mountain range forms the border of Europe and Asia? – Ural Mountains in Russia Name a body of water that borders Spain – Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, Bay of Biscay, Gulf of Valencia

3. Review of Europe What is a sea that borders Greece – Mediterranean, Ionian, Crete, Aegean Where is Transylvania? – Romania What is a country that broke into smaller countries? What peninsula are they located on? – Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Balkan Peninsula

5. Greece Foundation of Democracy as we know it Athens – Parthenon: world’s most perfect building – Marathon – Olympics – Crete and the Minotaur

7. Italy Roman Civilization Rome – Vatican City Venice – canals

8. Russia

9. Largeness of Russia Terms of territory, the largest countries in the world are – Russia, Canada, USA, China and Brazil Russia spans ELEVEN time zones – “Before people in St. Petersburg have gone to bed on Tuesday evening, it is already Wednesday morning on the Kamchatka Peninsula”

11. Physical Russia Ural Mountains divide Europe from Asia Yenisei River separates the mountainous regions in the west with the plains in the east Rivers – Volga is Europe’s largest Drains into the world’s largest lake, Caspian Sea Ob, Yenisei and Lena drain into the Arctic

12. Tundra and Taiga Largely treeless zone – Polar conditions with small plants and animals that have adapted – Desert like conditions Very limited moisture Reindeer, rabbits, foxes and polar bears “land of the little sticks” – Small sized trees Coniferous Forest cover almost half of Russia’s land – Symbol of Russia Brown bear

13. Steppes and Siberia South of the forests, extremely fertile land Similar to prairies, Pampas and other grasslands – Soil is chernozem “black earth” Cool and swampy – Permafrost – Buildings are built about 6 feet above ground Why? Rich natural resources – Harsh climate and terrain make attaining them expensive and difficult

14. Government History Tsars (czars) of Russia ruled – Caesar – Conquered land and defended against Napoleon Communism – Tsar abdicated and the Soviet Union was born Soviet=governing council – Karl Marx Social equality by communally owning land and business

15. Communism Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin Command Economy – Forced labor on state farms created low output Cold War – Nuclear aggression against the USA – Spent themselves to death Gorbachev – Restructured economy and openness for people

16. Ethnicities Slavs – All are related ethnically – Belarusians, Ukrainians, and others Chechnya – Fiercely resistant to Russian rule – Terrorism

17. Economics Ice roads and railroads – Rivers freeze over – Trans-Siberian RR Ruble today ($1=~68 rubles) – Plummeting and natural gas/resources Environmental issues – Pollution pg 401

18. Kremlin Government of Russia is housed here