1. Project 2061 to Global Science Literacy Victor J. Mayer Fulbright Professor Pusan National University

2. Project 2061—1985 American Association for the Advancement of Science Science for All Americans Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy Concept Maps Evaluation of School Textbooks in Science and Mathematics

3. Science for All Americans Five committees of scientists Reviewed by AAAS sections - controversial “Less is more” Heavily influenced by technology—Cold War attitudes Final versions written by James Rutherford and Chick Ahlgren Published in 1989

4. Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy Based on Science for All Americans Organized by grade level Kindergarten through Grade 2 Grades 3 through 5 Grades 6 through 8 Grades 9 through 12 Concepts build and expand through grade levels Developed by AAAS staff Published in 1993

5. Sample Benchmark By the end of the 5th grade, students should know that Waves, wind, water, and ice shape and reshape the earth's land surface by eroding rock and soil in some areas and depositing them in other areas, sometimes in seasonal layers. Rock is composed of different combinations of minerals. Smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of bedrock and larger rocks. Soil is made partly from weathered rock, partly from plant remains—and also contains many living organisms.

6. Sample Benchmark By the end of the 12th grade, students should know that Life is adapted to conditions on the earth, including the force of gravity that enables the planet to retain an adequate atmosphere, and an intensity of radiation from the sun that allows water to cycle between liquid and vapor. Weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy in and out of the atmosphere. Solar radiation heats the land masses, oceans, and air. Transfer of heat energy at the boundaries between the atmosphere, the land masses, and the oceans results in layers of different temperatures and densities in both the ocean and atmosphere. The action of gravitational force on regions of different densities causes them to rise or fall—and such circulation, influenced by the rotation of the earth, produces winds and ocean currents.

7. Atlas of Science Literacy: A New Perspective on Science Understanding Contains nearly 50 strand maps that present conceptual connections among the ideas and skills that serve as goals for student learning. They graphically display how students might develop in their understanding of topics such as gravity, natural selection, and statistical reasoning from kindergarten through grade 12.

8. Middle Grades Science Textbooks: A Benchmarks-Based Evaluation Evaluation Reports by Textbook: BSCS Middle School Science & Technology. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1999 Earth Science Life Science Physical Science Earth ScienceLife SciencePhysical Science Glencoe Earth Science, Life Science, and Physical Science. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1997 Earth Science Life Science Physical Science Earth ScienceLife SciencePhysical Science Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Science. Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing Company, 1995 Earth Science Life Science Physical Science Earth ScienceLife SciencePhysical Science

9. National Standards for Science Education

10. Development Committees comprised of scientists, educators and teachers Successive versions reviewed by stakeholders Published in 1995

11. Areas of Standards Science Teaching Standards for Professional Development of Teachers Assessment in Science Education Science Content Standards Science Education Program Standards Science Education System Standards

12. Content Standards The eight categories of content standards are Unifying concepts and processes in science. Science as inquiry. Physical science. Earth and space science. Life science. Science and technology. Science in personal and social perspectives. History and nature of science.

13. Earth and Space Science Standards LEVELS K-4LEVELS 5-8LEVELS 9-12 Properties of earth materials Structure of the earth system Energy in the earth system Objects in the skyEarth's historyGeochemical cycles Changes in earth and sky Earth in the solar system Origin and evolution of the earth system Origin and evolution of the universe

14. School District Level Development Biological and Earth Systems Science Earth Systems Education Support from the National Science Foundation and The Eisenhower Program

15. Biological and Earth Systems Science (BESS) Initiated by science teachers in the Worthington schools Integrating earth science and biology in a two year long course for 9 th and 10 th grades

16. BESS Continued

17. Bexley Earth Systems Education Program 7 th and 8 th Grades Classroom and field oriented program developed by teachers

18. Global Science Literacy Based on developments in Earth Systems Education Organized by concept NOT by discipline Inclusive of system science methodologies and concepts Science as a cross cultural communication medium An international effort

19. Contributions from many countries Teacher education programs and publication of materials in Japan Research on nature of science in Korea Research on curriculum structure in Israel Miscellaneous contributions from UK, Germany, Spain, Cyprus, Singapore, Taiwan, PRC, Brazil,

20. Publications Global Science Literacy – Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002 Implementing Global Science Literacy – The Ohio State University, 2003 Various journal articles

21. Threats to Quality Science Curricula No Child Left Behind – Legislation by Bush Administration High stakes testing in most countries Inadequate support for education in most countries Wrong emphasis – science as technology Failure to include a major emphasis on the Earth as a system