2. What are the parts of the skeletal system? The parts of the skeletal system include bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments. What are the functions of the skeletal system? The functions of the skeletal system include, body shape, protects organs, levers for movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. How are bones classified? Bones are classified by shape. Give some examples of bone classification Long bone: humerus, femur Short bone: trapezoid (wrist) Flat bone: sternum Irregular bone: vertabrae

3. What are the 3 parts of a long bone? The 3 parts of a long bone are the diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal plate (or line). Where is yellow marrow in a long bone? Yellow marrow is in the medullary cavity of a long bone. What is the periosteum? The periosteum is the outside covering of bone. What are some features of compact bone? location: diaphysis - tightly packed cells

4. What are some characteristics of spongy bone? location: epiphysis “spongy” look – contains red marrow – lighter than compact bone. What are the three types of joints in the human body and examples of each? Fibrous: sutures in skull Cartilaginous: vertebrae, between ribs and sternum Synovial: knee, elbow What are some types of synovial joints? Gliding joints: wristsBall and socket joint: hip Saddle joint: thumb Hinge joint: elbow Pivot joint: neck, forearm

5. Openings, Projections, and Depressions in Bones FORAMEN hole MEATUS tunnel or canal – nerves & blood vessels pass through PROCESS part of a bone that protrudes or sticks out SINUS cavities in cranium (skull bones)

6. Bone Fractures and Repair Fracture break resulting from trauma to the bone Types of Fractures Simple Fracture “clean” break, does not break the skin (closed fracture)

7. Compound Fracture bone “breaks” or tears through skin – very serious, infection can occur

8. Simple (Closed) Fracture Occurs when forces on bone exceed the bone’s ability to withstand forces applied May be complete or incomplete

9. Compound (Open) Fracture Complete break in bone where bone ends separate and break through skin Increased chance of wound and bone infection

12. Comminuted Fracture bone breaks into pieces – common in elderly, bones are more brittle

13. Compression Fracture bone is compressed or crushed common in vertebra – common in older people due to osteoporosis

14. Depressed Fracture bone is pressed inward – common in skull fracture

15. Impacted Fracture bone ends are forced into each other – common when attempting “break your fall” with outstretched arms

16. Spiral Fracture results from excessive twisting force

17. Greenstick Fracture incomplete break (like a green twig) common in children due to more flexibility in bones than adults

18. BONE REPAIR Callus zone of tissue repair Several Steps1. blood clot forms 2. 2-3 days later, cells enter and produce fibers which hold bones together cartilage is then produced 3. osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone – takes 4-6 weeks 4. spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone this healing can take up to a year

19. Treatment & Repair Internal Fixation Surgery required to align bones and reduce fracture External Fixation Use of cast to keep bones aligned while natural healing occurs

20. Bone and Joint Disorders Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate bones in mouth do not fuse properly (birth defect)

21. Scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

22. Torn Ligament or Cartilage surgery can be required to fix this Arthritis “catch all phrase” for chronic inflammation of a joint Osteoarthritis common as you age – pain in joints – exercise can relieve pain RHEUMATIOD arthritis: inflammation of the synovial membrane Osteoporosis weakening of bone as you age – bones are easily fractured – need calcium in diet

23. dislocation violent disruption of the integrity of a joint – many different types

26. Rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency (can be from lack of sunlight)

27. Skeletal Injuries Subluxation Occurs when bone displaces, then returns to normal position Dislocation Occurs when significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up

28. Sprains Injury to ligamentous and capsular tissue Traumatic joint twist that results in stretching of connective tissue One of most common & disabling sports injuries General Symptoms: Joint swelling Pain Point tenderness Skin discoloration

29. Synovitis Irritation of synovial membrane Causes increase in fluid production, swelling Joint pain during motion, skin sensitivity from pressure Diminish in few days

30. Bursitis Inflammation of the synovial cavity caused by excessive stress or tension