1. A Policy and Institutional Framework for the Co-Management of the Lower Amazon Floodplain David G. McGrath, Alcilene Cardoso, Oriana T. Almeida NAEA/UFPA, Whrc, Ipam, Session: “Sustainable management of natural resources and biodiversity in Central Amazonian floodplains “ Amazon in Perspective: Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future“ LBA, GEOMA PPBIO November 17-20, Manaus, AM

2. Ecosystem Approach Shift from biodiversity to ecosystem perspective in conservation: function versus composition Origins in the need to integrate areas outside of reserves into the management system Ecosystem approach especially important for management of large river floodplains Integration of regional stakeholders, participatory approaches Important policy component as regional management involves interaction with different political units and institutions

3. Organization Study area location & resource use Main steps in construction of ecosystem management system: –Co-management of lake fisheries –Collective agreements for cattle –Implementation of land tenure policy –Extension to Lower Amazon varzea Conclusions: evaluation of impact of recent policy changes for ecosystem management

4. The Lower Amazon Floodplain

5. Santarém Region

6. Main Habitats and Economic Activities of the Floodplain farmingranchingfishing forestry

7. Policy Framework for Participatory Management Amazon Floodplain Fisheries Co-Management Cattle Agreements (TACs) Floodplain Land Tenure Policy Public policies for co-management infrastructure

8. Community Management Movement

9. Common Pool Resurces of the Floodplain frontage Lakes Private property Grasslands

10. Steps to Creating a Fisheries Co-Management System Policies that recognize collective fishing agreements Institutions for participatory management Mechanisms for enforcement

11. Institutional Structure for Co-Management of Amazon Fisheries IBAMA Regional IBAMA Office Regional Fisheries Council Lake Management Plan Community Environmental Agents Fishers

12. Municipal Co-Management System Floodplain Fisheries: 1997-2006 7 Regional Fisheries Councils, 140 communities, pop. 35,000 1 7 6 5 4 3 2

13. Access Restrictions, Free Riders & Capturing Benefits of Management Management Group Resource Cost Benefits Other Users Fees Exclusive use Control of Marketing

14. Managing Cattle on Floodplain Grasslands Terms of Adjustment of Conduct TACs

15. Distribution of Collective Cattle Agreements

16. Evolving Policy Framework for Participatory Management Amazon Floodplain Fisheries Co-Management –Ibama & Regional Fisheries Councils Cattle Agreements (TACs) –Public Ministry & communities Floodplain Land Tenure Policy –Incra & GRPU

17. Three Scales of Management Property Community Lake System

18. Land Tenure on the Lower Amazon Floodplain

19. Floodplain Land Tenure System Land is property of federal government Private property rights are not recognized Certain restrictions on land use on floodplain but, Individual property rights recognized locally Market for floodplain property exists

20. Socio-environmental Principles for Floodplain Land Tenure Policy Pulse Concept: productivity of the varzea depends on interaction between terrestrial & aquatic habitats. Integrated Management of Natural Resources : management strategies should optimize global production of the entire ecosystem. Lake systems as the basic management unit (integrating communities & ranches). Zoning of varzea habitats: collective & individual use

21. Projeto de Assentamentos Agro-Extrativista (PAE) Designed for areas of traditional settlement Recognize individual and collective rights Utilization Plans integrate collective agreements Possibility of charging user fees for access to fisheries Possibility of managing other aquatic species: turtles, caiman & capybara Property rights tied to compliance with Utilization Plan

22. PAE’s Created in Santarém 711 396 632 303 ?? 5 Regional Fisheries Councils = 4 PAEs total of 2,300-2,500

23. Constructing a Regional Network of PAEs to Conserve the Lower Amazon Amazon 41 PAEs, 8 municipalities, 740.000ha, 63,600 families?

24. Integrating New Institutional Actors SEAP: Secretary for Aquaculture & Fisheries (federal) –Territórios de Aquicultura e Pesca (credit) SEPAq: Secretary for Fisheries and Aquaculture –Responsible for state fisheries

25. State Wide Co-Management System for Amazon Varzea

26. Towards Ecosystem-Based Co- Management of the Floodplain Main elements now in place but many unresolved issues: large landowners Nature of policies and institutional arrangements central to ecosystem management Development of more effective management systems depends on appropriate policy and institutional context Develop credit programs for PAE co- management infrastrucure

27. Thank You

28. Institutional Structure of State Varzea Co-Management System Assentamento & Reserva Assentamentos & Reservas Território Estado/SEPAq Município Território Município Assentamentos & Reservas Assentamentos & Reservas Assentamentos & Reservas

29. Seasonal Variation Precipation and River Level

30. Flood Pulse: Interaction Terrestrial & Aquatic Habitats