1. Français II – Leçon 6A Structures -Demonstrative pronouns -The subjunctive (Part 1)

2. Demonstrative pronouns You previously learned the demonstrative adjectives: ce, cet, cette, ces (this/these, that/those). Demonstrative pronouns refer to a person or thing that has already been mentioned. Examples of English demonstrative pronouns include this one and those.

3. Example: L’énergie qui coute moins cher est plus dangereuse. Celle qui coute moins cher est plus dangereuse. (The energy that costs less is more dangerous. ) (The one that costs less is more dangerous.)

4. Demonstrative pronouns agree in number and gender with the noun to which they refer. singularplural masculine feminine celui celle ceux celles this one; that one; the one this one; that one; the one these; those; the ones

5. Demonstrative pronouns must be followed by one of three constructions: -ci or –là, a relative clause, or a prepositional phrase. -ci; -là Quels emballages? Ceux-ci? (Which packages? These here?) Quelle bouteille? Celle-là en verre? (Which bottle? The glass one there?)

6. Relative clause Quelle femme? Celle qui parle? (Which woman? The one who is talking?) C’est celui qu’on a entendu à la radio. (He is the one we heard on the radio.)

7. Prepositional phrase Quel problème? Celui de l’effet de serre? (What problem? The one about the greenhouse effect?) Ces sacs coutent plus cher que ceux en papier. (Those bags cost more than the paper ones. )

8. The subjunctive (part 1): Introduction, regular verbs, and impersonal expressions. With the exception of commands and the conditional, the verb forms you have learned have been in the indicative mood. The indicative is used to state facts and to express actions or states that the speaker considers real and definite. In contrast, the subjunctive mood expresses the speaker’s subjective attitudes toward events and actions or states the speaker’s views as uncertain or hypothetical.

9. Forming the subjunctive for present one-stem verbs The je, tu, il/elle, and ils/elles forms of the three verb types form the subjunctive the same way. They add the subjunctive endings to the stem of the ils/elles form of the present indicative. [infinitive] [present indicative of ils/elles] [present subjunctive] parler finir attendre parlent finissent attendent que je parle que je finisse que je attende

10. Forming the subjunctive for present one-stem verbs (cont.) The nous and vous forms of the present subjunctive are the same as those of the imparfait. Nous  -ions Vous  -iez Il faut que nous commencions. (It is necessary that we start) Il est bon que vous réfléchissiez. (It is good that you’re thinking.)

12. Present subjunctive of one-stem verbs ParlerFinirattendre que je/j’ que tu que il/elle que nous que vous qu’ils/elles parle parles parle parlions parliez parlent finisse finisses finisse finissions finissiez finissent attende attendes attende attendions attendiez attendent These are called “one-stem verbs” because the same stem is used for all the endings.

13. Two-stem verbs have a different stem for nous and vous, but the rule still applies: the forms are identical to those of the imparfait. achetervenirprendreboire que je/j’ que tu qu’il/elle que nous que vous qu’ils/elles Present subjunctive of two-stem verbs achète achètes achète achetiez achètent achetions vienne viennes vienne venions veniez viennent prenne prennes prenne prenions preniez prennent boive boives boive buvions buviez boivent

14. The subjunctive is usually used in complex sentences that consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause contains a verb or expressions that triggers the subjunctive. The word que connects the two clauses.

15. Il est bon que… Il est dommage que… Il est essentiel que… Il est important que… It is good that… It is a shame that… It is essential that… It is important that… These impersonal expressions of opinion are often followed by clauses in the subjunctive.

16. Il est indispensable que… Il est nécessaire que… Il est possible que… Il faut que… Il vaut mieux que… It is essential that… It is necessary that… It is possible that… One must…/it is necessary that… It is better that…

17. The previous expressions are followed by the infinitive, without que, if no person or thing is specified. Add de before the infinitive after expressions with être. Il est essentiel qu’on réduise le gaspillage. It is essential that we reduce waste. but Il est essentiel de réduire le gaspillage. It is essential to reduce waste.