2. Earth’s 4 Spheres air life water earth/rocks

3. The Water Cycle

4. Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Human Uses Human Waste Groundwater Runoff Transpiration

5. The Water Cycle Evaporation - Water that rises from the earth (lithosphere or biosphere) into the atmosphere

6. The Water Cycle Condensation - Water in the atmosphere that clumps together to form clouds. The water molecules come together, or condense, into liquid or solid form.

7. The Water Cycle Precipitation - Water that falls from the atmosphere in the form of liquid (rain) or solid (snow, ice) to the earth (lithosphere)

8. The Water Cycle Runoff - Water on the earth (lithosphere) that flows into bodies of water (hydrosphere) Water flows downward according to gravity Human activities can affect runoff Examples: flooding, pollution

13. The Water Cycle Ground Water - Water stored in the Earth (lithosphere) About 1.7 % of Earth’s water is ground water but 30.1 % of all our fresh water (drinking water) appears as ground water

14. The Carbon Cycle

15. Gas Exchange Photosynthesis Pollution Gas Exchange Decomposition Burning Fossil Fuels Animal Waste Fossilization Carbon Fixation

16. Gas Exchange CO 2 exchanges between water and the atmosphere dissolves from the atmosphere into water (the hydrosphere) rises out of water into the atmosphere

17. Photosynthesis Plants use CO 2 from the atmosphere to make glucose sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

18. Carbon Fixation When CO 2 leaves the atmosphere and enters the biosphere (usually photosynthesis)

19. Animal Waste Carbon compounds are released through solid waste into land and water (the lithosphere and hydrosphere)

20. Decomposition Carbon is decomposed (by bacteria and other decomposers) into soil

21. Fossilization When plants and animals die, the carbon in their bodies may be turned into fossil fuels Under the right heat and pressure

22. Burning Fossil Fuels We can burn these fossils and use the energy from them as fuel (coal, oil, and natural gas) CO 2 is released when they are burnt Pollution - CO 2 from the burnt fuels is released back into the atmosphere

23. Pollution

24. The Nitrogen Cycle

25. Runoff Nitrogen Fixation Animal Use Burning Fossil Fuels Plant Use Waste De-nitrification

26. Nitrogen Fixation Lightning and bacteria put atmospheric nitrogen into the lithosphere and hydrosphere (NO 3 and NH 3 )

29. Plant Use Plants use nitrogen to make amino acids (the building blocks of proteins!) From the atmosphere to the biosphere

30. Animal Use Animals break apart the plant proteins and use the amino acids to build their own proteins Stays in the biosphere

31. Waste Decomposers break down animals and plant matter into nitrogen for the soil (lithosphere and biosphere)

32. De-nitrification Decomposers turn nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (lithosphere to atmosphere)

33. Runoff Runoff washes nitrogen from the ground into water (lithosphere into the hydrosphere)

36. Burning Fossil Fuels Nitrogen enters the atmosphere as pollution from our factories Lithosphere to atmosphere