1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Yellow Dust Particles and their Behavior in the Atmosphere Yutaka Ishizaka HyARC, Nagoya University Heavy dust event in Beijing.

2. Impact of Asian Dust Clouds on Climate and the Environment Dust Brown Clouds Regional Forcing: Surface and Atmospheric Radiative Forcing, Rain Suppression, Photosynthesis Reduction Global Radiative Forcing Regional Climate Change: Hydrological Cycle; Precipitation, Weather Extremes/Warming or Cooling Global Climate Change Ecosystem Response, Agriculture, Water Availability, Public Health Land Use Change

3. Study on yellow dust particles using satellite data and their ｐ hysico- ｃ hemical measurements Satellite Data Source regions Emission Rate Long range transport Relationship with atmospheric processes Physico-Chemical properties of dust particles

4. Visible Image of Satellite GMS at 15JST on 13 April 1979. Yellow dust clouds

5. (Xuan and Sokolik, 2002) Dust PM 10 annual emission rates and contribution of types 1-3 sources on the total annual mean emission of PM 10 dust with a US EPA formula. 64% 35% 1%

6. (In and Park, 2002) Longitude-height cross Sections of yellow dust clouds calculated from a numerical model.

7. (Mori et al, 2002) Concentrations of TSP and aerosol chemical components in relation to distance from the KOSA source from 14 to 15 April 1998. Sampling locations.

8. Mass size distribution of dust particles for heavy and light sandstorms. 10 5 10 4 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 -1 10 -2 Diameter (μm) 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 -1 dM/dlogD (μgm -3 )

9. (Arao and Ishizaka, 1986) Size distribution model of yellow dust Particles in the atmosphere: Number size distribution of dust and background aerosols were given by the zeroth-order logarithmic distribution (ZOLD)

10. (Arao and Ishizaka, 1986) Unfiltered direct solar radiation data obtained at 12 stations of the Japan Meteorological Agency were analyzed using size distribution model of yellow dust particles to estimate Kosa volume/mass in the atmosphere. Left Figure shows the relationship between Ångstrom’s turbidity coefficient and that of Yamamoto. Where l 0 :the extraterrestrial solar radiation I: the total radiation at the surface m: the optical air mass w: the water vapor content in the vertical air column

11. (Arao and Ishizaka, 1986) Volume distributions of yellow sand dust over Japan on 4-5 May 1981

12. (Arao and Ishizaka, 1986)

13. Test no. Soil typeParent materialS/A* CaCO 3 % CaSO 4 % Soil particles 5μ, % Percentage of < 5μ fraction 5 - 22 – 0.20.2 – 0.08< 0.08 2Brown desert soilGravel-10.214.22.728.037.426.58.1 1Gray desert soilAlluvial deposit-16.10.33.335.411.330.223.0 5Chestnut soilLoess3.212.9-27.516.262.714.56.6 7ChernozemLoess3.53.4-20.724.644.626.64.3 9Noncalcic gray brownLoess4.0--20.530.654.412.03.1 12Brown podsolic soilQuartzitic Sandstone 2.6--31.224.148.221.76.1 18PodsolChert4.6--40.334.542.221.71.6 Description of soils of China studied.(Hseung and Jackson, 1952) ２ １ Index map of China with sampling locations 5 7 9 12 18 3 4 6 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 17

14. Functional continuity of mineral percentages in various soil groups in China. (Hseung and Jackson, 1952) A: Desert soil B: Light colored pedocal C: Dark colored pedocal D: Non-calcic soil E: Podsolic soil F: Red & yellow earth G: Latosol Calcite & Gypsum are rich.

15. Mass size distribution of minerals found in the aerosol particles Yellow dust and reference (aerosol) samples were collected at Nagoya, Japan by means of two Andersen samplers and analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer.

16. Yellow dust sample during the period of 14 to 16 April. Reference sample (aerosol) during the period of 20 to 26 April. Mass concentration (μg/m 3) Percentage (%) Mass concentration (μg/m 3) Percentage (%) Quartz8.14.51.63.2 Feldspar6.03.31.22.4 Illite13.17.22.34.6 Chlorite6.93.800 Kaolinite7.34.000 Calcite5.32.9 5.8 Gypsum6.93.81.53.0 Others128.470.640.581.0 Total182 μg/m 3 100 %50 μg/m 3 100 % Mass concentration and their percentage of the principal minerals in the dust and reference samples Yellow dust and reference (aerosol) samples were collected at Nagoya, Japan by means of two Andersen samplers and analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer. Main origins of yellow sand dust: ① The desert soils near Taklamakan and Gobi deserts Illite, calcite and gypsum were abundantly found only in the dust sample. ② The soils in the upper drainage basin of Yellow River The relative weight fraction of kaolinite and illite in the dust samples were 0.3 to 0.5.

17. (Ishizaka and Ono, 1982) Movement of dust clouds and main origins of yellow sand dust inferred from their clay mineral composition

18. (Iwasaki et al., 1988) KOSA particles coated with water solution.

19. Number frequency of elements found in Individual Asian dust-storm particles. Nagasaki, Japan. Okada et al.(1990) EDX and morphological features for the dust particles The dust particles collected at Nagasaki, Japan were present as mixed particles with water-soluble material mainly containing Ca and S.

20. Samples: Yellow dust particles collected in Beijing under the northwest wind with the speed of 10 m/s in spring of 1996. Experiment ・ Reagent thin-film test: Most of yellow dust particles did not reach with nitron- barium chloride multiple film. ・ EDX analysis: Sulfur was hardly detected in yellow dust particles with the Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Almost no sulfate is formed and nitrate is hardly formed on the surface of dust particles during their transport from source regions to Beijing. (Zhang and Iwasaka, 1999) Result

21. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Pure Dust Particles Dust Particles internally mixed with sulfate and/or nitrate Industrial Area Far from industry Interaction Between Yellow Dust Particles and Air Pollutants Desert Area