1. USE OF REMOTE SENSING TO ASSESS WETLAND AND WATER QUALITY USE OF REMOTE SENSING TO ASSESS WETLAND AND WATER QUALITY Submitted byGuided by TONY P KALLADA Prof. SIVAKUMAR S ROLL NO:17245 Assistant Professor 1

2. INTRODUCTION The integration of remotely sensed data, GPS and GIS technologies provides a valuable tool for monitoring and assessing watersheds RS techniques helps to Monitoring and assessing the quality of surface waters to obtain hydrologic data and to examine it by remote sensing are a possible aid in operational hydrology in the future. 2

3. Remote Sensing Techniques to assess wetlands To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to monitor wetlands and their adjacent uplands. Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, and SPOT are the major satellite systems that have been used to study wetlands The combination of radar and optical data provide informations for improving wetland classification. 3

4. Remote Sensing Techniques to assess wetlands (Carter, V et al.( 1982)) 4

5. Precipitation Accurate measurement of precipitation is significant for meteorological research and hydrology. Ground-based radar is probably the most accurate method of determining a real precipitation in use today 5

6. Runoff Cannot be directly measured by remote sensing techniques determining watershed geometry providing input data such as snow cover, soil moisture that are used to define runoff coefficients 6

7. Watershed geometry Remote sensing data can be used to obtain almost any geographical information It can provide quantitative topographic information of suitable spatial resolution which are extremely valuable for model inputs. Drainage basin areas and stream networks are easily obtained from good imagery, even in remote regions 7

8. Empirical relationships Empirical flood formulae are useful for making estimates of peak flow when there is a lack of historical stream flow data Most of the empirical flood formulae relate peak discharge to the drainage area of the basin LANDSAT data are used to improve empirical regression equations of various runoff characteristics 8

9. Integration with GIS The pixel format of digital remote sensing data makes it ideal for merging with geographical information systems (GIS). Remote sensing incorporated into the system in a variety of ways as  a measure of land use  monitoring of flood areas  rainfall distribution or soil moisture 9

10. Water management deals with the control, distribution and allocation of water flows and the treatment of rivers and catchments qualitative reasoning and experience Aerial photography and satellite imagery contain spatial information of the surface and near surface features of the earth to be captured and analyzed 10

11. Potential of remote sensing in water management Remotely sensed image analysis is best embedded in a geographic and hydrologic information system (HGIS) Remote sensing can be used in various activity domains of the water management,  Surveying  Spatial analysis  Monitoring and forecasting 11

12. Surveying water management topographic maps have long been made by photogrammetry using stereo models of aerial photographs. Geometric correction programmes for satellite imagery are a standard procedure in RS packages RS/GIS packages offer the possibility of preparing both satellite images and digitally scanned aerial photographs 12

13. Surveying(contd) Water shed areas can be differentiated by  edge enhancement filters  multi spectral classifications The products derived have to be metrically as accurate as possible with corrected height displacements 13

14. Spatial analysis Remote sensing helps to prepare a quantitative analysis of water balance components at a wider range of scales. the hydrological terrain units can, to a certain extent, be compiled in a GIS environment as  topographic derivatives  hydrological features  vegetation cover classification 14

15. Monitoring and forecasting Monitoring of hydrologic phenomena rely on the use of image time series to find an empirical correlation between features measured on imagery & ground hydrometric data. This reduces hydrometric ground operations which is usually difficult or expensive applications are :  evaporation estimations from season variable swamp areas  prediction of snowmelt runoff from snow cover 15

16. River basins planning with the aid of remote sensing based upon thorough understanding of water availability and movement. GIS has proven an excellent tool to support overlaying and querying between resources spatial data is needed remotely sensed imagery contributes to identification and assessment of components 16

17. River basins(contd) Full scenes of high resolution imagery LANDSAT I can provide overviews of basics and permit digital interpretation and identification of essential layers such as:  landscape units  geologic features  land cover complexes drainage patterns  geomorphology of floodplains 17

18. Hydrologic monitoring & forecasting weather satellite system are used for prediction and forecasting of rainfall and flood hydrology eg: the river Nile monitoring weather satellite images are merged with ground data in order to produce spatial rainfall estimates. 18

19. Remote Sensing Techniques to assess Water Quality Substances in surface water can significantly change the backscattering characteristics of surface water Remote sensing techniques depend on the ability to measure these changes in the spectral signature backscattered from water The optimal wavelength is used to measure the water quality. 19

20. Major factors affecting water quality in water bodies Across the landscape are suspended sediments (turbidity) Chemicals dissolved organic matter (DOM) thermal releases aquatic vascular plants Pathogens oils 20

21. Suspended Sediment the most common pollutant both in weight and volume in surface waters of freshwater systems. surface water radiance is affected by sediment type, texture, and color, sensor view, sun angles, and water depth 21

22. Suspended Sediment(contd) The Radiance Emergent From Surface Waters In The Visible And Near Infrared Proportion Of The Electromagnetic Spectrum (Miller, W., and A. Rango (1984)) 22

23. Algae/Chlorophyll Monitoring the concentrations of chlorophyll (algal/phytoplankton) is necessary for managing eutrophication in lakes. Remote sensing has been used to measure chlorophyll concentrations spatially and temporally based on empirical relationships between reflectance in narrow bands or band ratios and chlorophyll 23

24. Algae/Chlorophyll(contd) Concentrations Of Chlorophyll In Spatially And Temporally (Miller, W., and A. Rango (1984)) 24

25. Aquatic Vascular Plants important components of wetland communities These plants may be free floating or rooted in bottom sediment Ground reflectance measurements are useful for determining the spectral characteristics of aquatic weeds 25

26. Temperature Thermal pollution exists when biological activities are affected by changing the temperature of a water body thermal discharge into streams, lakes, and coastal waters from electrical power plants Seasonal changes in the temperature of surface waters can be expected routinely monitored using AVHRR and other satellite platforms 26

27. Temperature(contd) Fig. 6: Aerial Color-Infrared Positive Photographic Print Of A Wetland Area Near Liberty, Texas (Miller, W., and A. Rango (1984)) 27

28. CONCLUSIONS remote sensing technologies have many potential applications for assessing water resources and for monitoring water quality. Research needs to focus on understanding the effects of water quality on optical and thermal properties of surface waters The integration of remotely sensed data, GPS, and GIS technologies provides a valuable tool for monitoring and assessing watersheds. 28

29. REFERENCES 1. Avard, M.M., F.R. Schiebe, and J.H. Everitt, 2000. Quantification of chlorophyll in reservoirs of the Little Washita River watershed using airborne video, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 66(2):213–218. 2.Barnett, B.S., and R.W. Schneider, 1974. Fish populations in dense, submersed plant communities, Hyacinth Control Journal, 12:12–14. 3.Barrett, S.C.H., 1989. Waterweed invasions, Scientific American, 261:90–97. 4.Carter, V., 1982. Applications of remote sensing to wetlands, Remote Sensing in Resource Management (C.J. Johannsen and J.L. Sanders, editors ), Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa., pp. 284–300. 5.Gibbons, D.E., G.E. Wukelic, J.P. Leighton, and M.J. Doyle, 1989. Application of 6.Landsat Thematic Mapper data for coastal thermal plume analysis at Diablo Canyon, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 55:903–909. 7.Miller, W., and A. Rango, 1984. Using Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) data to assess water quality, Water Resources Bulletin, 20:493–501 29

30. .. 30