1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 1 Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics, and how humans use and move around them. Physical Geography

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography The Five Themes of Geography The Geographer’s Tools SECTION 2 SECTION 1 Looking at the Earth Physical Geography

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Geographers study the world by looking at location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. Geographers view the world in terms of the use of space. The Five Themes of Geography Section-1

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Geographers and Historians Section-1 The Geographer’s Perspective The Five Themes of Geography Historians look at events over time Geographers look at: − use of space on Earth − interactions that take place there − patterns and connections between people and land Geography is the study of the distribution and interaction of: − physical features on Earth − human features on Earth Continued…

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography − maps − photographs − charts, graphs, tables − scale models − five themes of geography The Geographer’s Perspective {continued} Methods of Geography Geographers use a variety of tools:

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Absolute location—exact place where a geographic feature is found Relative location—location of a place compared to places around it Continued… Where is it? Theme: Location

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Continued… Theme: Location {continued} Absolute Location Earth is divided into two equal halves, vertically and horizontally Each vertical and horizontal half is called a hemisphere An imaginary line, the Equator, divides north and south halves Another imaginary line, the Prime Meridian, divides east and west

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Geographers use latitude lines to locate places north and south Latitude—imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator Longitude Lines Geographers use longitude lines to mark positions east and west Longitude—imaginary lines that go over the poles Where latitude and longitude lines cross is the absolute location Continued… Theme: Location {continued} Latitude Lines

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Theme: Location {continued} Relative Location How a place is related to its surrounding environment

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Place includes physical features and cultural characteristics: − physical features include climate, landforms, vegetation − cultural characteristics include dams, highways, houses Theme: Place What is it Like?

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Continued… Theme: Region How are Places Similar or Different? A region is an area united by similar characteristics Unifying characteristics—physical, political, economic, cultural Three types of regions: − formal − functional − perceptual

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography 1 Continued… Formal Regions Theme: Region {continued} Defined by a limited number of related characteristics Formal regions of the world: − The United States and Canada − Latin America − Europe − Russia and the Republics − Africa − Southwest Asia − South Asia − East Asia − Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Perceptual Regions Region with characteristics people perceive in much the same way Example: the American Midwest Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest begin in Ohio or Illinois? Functional Regions Theme: Region {continued} Organized around interactions and connections between places Example: a city and its suburbs are connected through human movement

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography How Do People Relate to the Physical World? Theme: Human-Environment Interaction A relationship exists between people and their environment People use and change the environment to meet their needs People adapt to environmental conditions they cannot change Often, people in similar environments adapt in different ways

15. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Linear Distance and Time Distance Linear distance—how far a person, product, or idea travels Time distance—how long it takes for person, product, idea to travel Continued… Theme: Movement How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One Place to Another? Geographers use three types of distance to analyze movement: − linear distance − time distance − psychological distance

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Theme: Movement {continued} Psychological Distance Refers to the way people perceive distance Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away than familiar ones

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Geographers use computer-assisted technology to study the use of the earth’s surface. The Geographer’s Tools Section-2 Geographers use two- and three-dimensional tools to learn about the earth.

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Continued… The Geographer’s Tools Section-2 Maps and Globes Visualizing Earth Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, circa 500 B.C. Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies of water

19. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography 2 Continued… Two or Three Dimensions Maps and Globes {continued} Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earth Map—a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surface Map projection—way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map

20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Types of Maps Maps and Globes {continued} Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational A topographic map is one kind of general reference map Topographic map—shows natural and man-made features of earth Thematic map—shows specific data such as climate, population density A navigation map is used by sailors, pilots

21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes: − aerial photography − satellite imaging 2 Continued… The Geographer’s Tools The Science of Mapmaking Surveying

22. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Continued… Satellites The Science of Mapmaking {continued} Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan entire planet in 16 days Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES): − orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation − gathers images of atmospheric conditions

23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography Geographic Information Systems The Science of Mapmaking {continued} Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a digital geographic database Combines and displays information from many sources Global Positioning System (GPS) Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earth Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact position GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animals

24. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 1 Geography This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.HOMEEXIT

25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Previous Chapter 1 Geography Print Slide Show 1.On the File menu, select Print 2.In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3.In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4.Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation