1. Chapter 12 Power, Conquest, and a World System

2. Chapter Outline Veterans of Colonial Armies Making the Modern World European Expansion: Motives and Methods The Era of Colonialism Decolonization Bringing It Back Home: Charter Cities

3. Veterans of Colonial Armies In the second half of the 19th century, France created a black African army called the Tirailleurs Senegalais. At first, the French bought slaves to fill the army ranks, but later they turned to levying a draft on their colonies, and after World War II, to a volunteer force.

4. Veterans of Colonial Armies The French used the army to conquer areas that became French colonies in Africa. The army fought in the trenches in World War I and suppressed rebellion in colonial possessions.

5. Veterans of Colonial Armies In World War II, African troops were essential to the conquest of North Africa and Italy, and to taking back France. In the later years of French colonialism, African troops fought at the battle of Dien Bien Phu that in 1954 ended the French colonial venture in Vietnam.

6. Veterans of Colonial Armies Many Tirailleurs Senegalaise feel neglected by history and by France. Their story reminds us that history is written by the powerful and often presented as a narrative of their inevitable triumph.

7. Motivators for European Expansion Christianize the world. Find a wide variety of wonders, both real and imagined. Amass great wealth.

8. Developments Aiding Expansion Rise of a banking and merchant class Growing population New ship design that was better at sailing into the wind Diseases carried by Europeans to native populations

9. European Expansion and Disease Almost every time Europeans met others who had been isolated from the European, African, and Asian land masses, they brought death and cultural destruction in the form of microbes. In many instances, virtually the entire native population perished of imported diseases within 20 years.

10. Pillage To strip an area of money, goods, or raw materials through the use of physical violence or the threat of such violence Europeans used violence to take money, goods, or raw materials from indigenous peoples. Mines were placed under European control.

11. Examples of Pillage In 1531, Pizarro captured the Inca emperor Atahuallpa and received $88.5 million in gold and $2.5 million in silver (current value) as ransom. After the British East India Company came to power in India, it plundered the treasury of Bengal, sending wealth back to investors in England.

12. Forced Labor Europeans forced peoples whose lands they conquered and their own lower classes to work for them. They practiced African slavery on a larger scale than any people before them.

13. Forced Labor Between the end of the 15th century and the end of the 19th, 11.7 million slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas. More than 6 million left Africa in the 18th century alone.

14. Economic Effects of Slavery The use of slave labor was extremely profitable for both slave shippers and plantation owners. Slave labor created continuous warfare and impoverishment in the areas from which slaves were drawn.

15. Monoculture Plantations Monoculture plantations specialized in the large-scale production of a single crop for sale to distant consumers. They created the demand for slaves.

16. Monoculture Plantations Through the 18th century, sugar was the most important monoculture crop. British consumption of sugar increased some 2500% between 1650 and 1800. Between 1800 and 1890, sugar production grew another 2500% – from 245,000 tons to more than 6 million tons per year.

17. Joint Stock Companies Firms managed by a centralized board of directors but owned by shareholders The predecessors of today’s publicly held corporations. To raise the capital for large scale ventures, companies would sell shares. Each share entitled its purchaser to a portion of the profits (or losses) from the company’s business.

18. Advantages of Joint Stock Companies A great deal of capital could be raised rapidly, so business ventures could be larger than previously possible. The key goal of joint stock companies was to provide profits to their shareholders.

19. Dutch East India Company The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is a model example of a joint stock company. Based on money raised from the sale of shares, the VOC was chartered by the Dutch government to hold the monopoly on all Dutch trade with societies of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Shares were available on reasonable terms and were held by a cross-section of Dutch society.

20. Dutch East India Company Led by a board of directors called the Heeren XVII, it was empowered to make treaties with local rulers in the name of the Dutch Republic, occupy lands, levy taxes, raise armies, and declare war. Through the 17th century, the VOC used its powers to seize control of many of the Indian Ocean islands. Among these were Java, including the port of Jakarta, Sri Lanka, and Malacca.

21. Dutch East India Company The VOC acquired the right to control production and trade of the spices of the area and took brutal steps to maintain this monopoly. By the 1670s, the Dutch had gained complete control of all spice production in what is now Indonesia. By the last quarter of the eighteenth century, large areas of coastal Java had been depopulated by years of warfare.

22. Dutch East India Company’s Principal Holdings

23. Dutch East India Company The Heeren XVII were dismissed by the Netherlands government in 1796 after an investigation revealed corruption and mismanagement in all quarters. On December 31, 1799, the VOC was dissolved, and its possessions were turned over to the Batavian Republic, a Dutch client state of France.

24. The Era of Colonialism Colonies were created when nations established political domination over geographical areas and political units. Reasons: To exploit native people and resources To be a settlement for surplus European population To occupy key strategic locations

25. The Era of Colonialism The Americas were colonized in the 1500s and 1600s, but most other areas of the world did not come under colonial control until the nineteenth century. By the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution gave Europeans decisive advantages in technological sophistication and quantity of arms.

26. Colonization 1500 to 1800 Before the 1800s, very little of Africa or Asia was colonized. In the Americas, Europeans quickly established colonies, and immigrated in large numbers. Between 1492 and 1600, over 55,000 Spaniards immigrated to the New World. Although Indian wars continued until the late 19th century, Europeans were victorious almost everywhere due primarily to disease.

27. Cortés and Effects of Disease When Cortés appeared in 1519, the Aztec leader Montezuma gave him gifts and opened the city of Tenochtitlán to the Spanish. When it became clear that the Spanish were their enemies, the Aztecs expelled them in a battle that cost the Spanish 2/3 of their army.

28. Cortés and Effects of Disease When Cortés returned in 1521, a smallpox epidemic had killed up to half the Aztecs. Had the Aztecs not been devastated by disease, they might have again defeated Cortés.

29. Colonizing in the 19th Century By the beginning of the 19th century, industrialization was underway in Europe and North America. Consequences: It enabled Europeans and Americans to produce weapons in greater quantity and quality than any other people. It created an enormous demand for raw materials that could not be satisfied in Europe.

30. Making Colonialism Pay Once colonies had been seized, they had to be both administered and made profitable. Businesses based in the colonizing country could operate free of competition. Colonies created a zone of protection for older British industry and newer French manufacturers, thus enabling high profits for firms in these nations.

31. Making Colonialism Pay The costs of the colonies were born by colonial populations and by colonizing tax payers. The profits from colonialism went to shareholders of companies operating in the colonies. Colonial subjects had to be made to produce the goods that colonizing societies wanted and to labor in ways that would be profitable to the colonizers.

32. Making Colonialism Pay Methods used to force colonial subjects into labor: Control of local leaders Forced labor Forced production of particular commodities Taxation Direct propaganda through education

33. Colonial Educational Policies Colonial education was often designed to convince subjects that they were cultural, moral, and intellectual inferiors. Education in 19th century India encouraged children to aspire to be like Englishmen. In France’s African colonies, children were directly taught to obey their colonial masters.

34. Corvée labor Unpaid work demanded of native populations One of the most direct ways European governments tried to make their colonies profitable

35. Belgium in the Congo King Leopold II of Belgium committed atrocities against the people of the Congo, including cutting off the hands of disobedient or unproductive slaves. How is colonialism both psychological and physical violence?

36. Colonialism and Anthropology Evolutionary theories of the 19th century described a world in which all societies were evolving toward perfection. This concept served as a rationale for colonization.

37. Colonialism and Fieldwork Colonialism determined the locations of fieldwork. British Commonwealth anthropologists tended to work in British colonies. French anthropologists worked in French colonies. Americans worked within U.S. borders or in areas of American influence and control in the Pacific.

38. Decolonization By the time of World War II, all peoples had been affected by Western expansion. Most of the nations of the Americas had gained their independence in the 18th and 19th centuries.

39. Decolonization In Africa and Asia, independence from European colonialism was not achieved until after World War II. Many nations that were part of the Soviet Union only received their independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

40. Reasons for Decolonization Civil disobedience Changing political structures Changing economic structures

41. UN Resolution 1514 In December 1960, the United Nations declared that: “all peoples have the right to self determination” “immediate steps shall be taken… to transfer all powers to the peoples of [countries that have not yet achieved independence]”

42. Bringing it Back Home: Charter Cities Using the example of Hong Kong as a colony of Great Britain, Paul Romer argues for the development of “charter cities.” These cities would be administered within host nations by wealthier (and more economically successful) nation-states, such as Europe and the United States. These cities would serve as “models” for the host nation – as ways of improving development within recipient countries.

43. Bringing it Back Home: Charter Cities Charter cities would have clear business rules and legal protections for their citizens and the businesses operating there. For Romer, only today’s wealthiest countries have the credibility and confidence to create and administer such rules.

44. Bringing it Back Home: Charter Cities You decide: Many people feel that charter cities would constitute a return to colonialism. Do you feel that charter cities would necessarily have to have a relationship much like that of a colony? What are the ethical issues that surround such an idea? Is economic development always the most important part of culture?

45. Quick Quiz

46. 1. The primary concern and responsibility of Hereen XVII was a) profitability to shareholders of the Dutch East India Company. b) government regulation of company activities. c) how to maintain his rule as monarch of the Kingdom of Holland. d) how to convert newly-discovered cultures to Christianity.

47. Answer: a The primary concern and responsibility of Hereen XVII was profitability to shareholders of the Dutch East India Company.

48. 2. European expansion and conquest of non- European peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by a number of factors, except which of the following? a) diseases the Europeans carried b) the backdrop of a merchant and banking class in Europe as investors c) the notion of plantation monocropping d) a concept new to nation-states, slavery

49. Answer: d European expansion and conquest of non-European peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by a number of factors, except a concept new to nation- states, slavery.

50. 3. Features of colonialism are illustrated by all except which of the following statements? a) In virtually all cases, colonial powers encouraged significant out-migration from the home country to become settlers in the colonies. b) European countries used existing rulership to control people and territory. c) Many European colonial powers developed systems of corvée labor. d) Taxation was employed to force people to work in the market system.

51. Answer: a Features of colonialism are illustrated by all except the following statement: In virtually all cases, colonial powers encouraged significant out- migration from the home country to become settlers in the colonies.

52. 4. Wars in which the Tirailleurs Senegalais fought include all except which of the following? a) WWI b) The French Revolution c) French wars in the 19th century to capture and control colonies in Africa d) WWII

53. Answer: b Wars in which the Tirailleurs Senegalais fought include all except the French Revolution.