2. Because the world is a sphere and maps are flat, there will always be some degree of distortion. The next several slides will display some of the more popular distortions.

3. Cartography Cartography – science of mapmaking Cartography – science of mapmaking What makes up parts of a map? Scale, Projection and Symbol What makes up parts of a map? Scale, Projection and Symbol

4. Location Location: Where something is Absolute Location Describes the exact location of a place. Often described using Latitude and Longitude Relative Location Describes where a place is in relation to something else. Ex: Europe is north of Africa

5. Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude are measured north and south of the equator. The Equator is zero (0) degrees of latitude. Other lines of latitude are called parallels because they are parallel to the equator. Lines of latitude are measured from zero to 90 degrees north latitude... and from zero to 90 degrees south latitude 0º 90ºN 90ºS

6. Lines of Longitude are called Meridians The Prime Meridian, or Greenwich Meridian is zero (0) degrees Longitude. All other lines of longitude are measured east or west of the Prime Meridian. 0º Longitude is measured from 0-180º east and west from the Prime Meridian These lines meet at 180º, this is called the International Date Line. This line is both east and west.

7. The Global Grid: Using Latitude and Longitude Coordinates Every measurement using latitude and longitude has a set of coordinates. One coordinate will be for degrees latitude north or south of the equator Ex: 30º North lat. is this line 30º South lat. is this line The other coordinate will be degrees east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian Ex 30 º East Longitude is this line 30 º West Longitude is this line Put the two together and you have a location Ex: 30 ºN, 30 ºE Latitude should always be listed first. Your north/south will be before your east/west coordinate.

8. Find the Latitude and Longitude of the following cities Alice Springs22ºS, 133ºESydney34ºS, 150ºE Darwin14ºS, 131ºE Which city is closest to 20ºS Latitude?La Grange

9. Symbols on a Map Represent cities, capitals, roads, Represent cities, capitals, roads,etc… Point symbols, show individual places Point symbols, show individual places

10. Which way is up? Actually, which way is north? North South East West NE SE NW SW Maps will usually give you a way to determine orientation. This may be a single direction arrow or a compass rose. Compass Rose A Compass rose tells you two things Cardinal Directions Intermediate Directions

11. Maps Maps=flat, while Earth is 3-D Maps=flat, while Earth is 3-D 3D shapes can never truly be 2D 3D shapes can never truly be 2D All maps show distortion All maps show distortion The level and area of distortion depends on the type of map used The level and area of distortion depends on the type of map used

12. Whenever we attempt to take a round globe and make it flat, we run into a problem. It is impossible to take a round Earth and make it look flat without stretching or “messing up” part of the earth. This part that gets messed up is called There are several ways that a map can be distorted: Area: The size of the landmasses change Shape: The shape of the landmasses change Distance: The distances between the landmasses change Direction:The directions between the landmasses change

13. Miller’s Cylindrical Projection: DISTORTION !

14. Used to represent the entire Earth in a rectangular frame. Popular for world maps. Looks like Mercator Used to represent the entire Earth in a rectangular frame. Popular for world maps. Looks like Mercator but is not useful for navigation. Shows poles as straight lines. but is not useful for navigation. Shows poles as straight lines. 6 of 20 12/28/2000 2:17 PM 6 of 20 12/28/2000 2:17 PM Avoids some of the scale exaggerations of the Mercator but shows neither shapes nor areas without Avoids some of the scale exaggerations of the Mercator but shows neither shapes nor areas without distortion. distortion. Directions are true only along the Equator. Distances are true only along the Equator. Distortion of Directions are true only along the Equator. Distances are true only along the Equator. Distortion of distances, areas, and shapes is extreme in high latitudes. distances, areas, and shapes is extreme in high latitudes. Map is not equal area, equidistant, conformal or perspective. Map is not equal area, equidistant, conformal or perspective. Presented by O. M. Miller in 1942. Presented by O. M. Miller in 1942. Cylindrical—Mathematically projected onto a cylinder tangent at the Equator. Cylindrical—Mathematically projected onto a cylinder tangent at the Equator.

15. http://rd.dlese.org/T=view&ID=DLESE-000- 000-005- 766*http://www.amnh.org/education/resource s/rfl/web/antarctica/mercator.html The Mercator Projection is a cylindrical projection It is distorted greatly at the poles and is least distorted near the equator. This navigation is useful for naval (ship) navigation because the directions are accurate.

16. Mercator Projection Mercator Projection Map = Distortion Mercator Projection Map = Distortion as you get farther away from the equator

17. Why use Mercator? Used for navigation along equatorial Used for navigation along equatorial regions (no distortion at the equator) Many wall maps are still using this projection Many wall maps are still using this projection

18. The Polar map projection is a planar projection The major problem with this projection is that it does not show all of the earth at one time. It is useful for airplane navigation because distance is shown correctly

21. The Robinson Projection is a compromise projection It minimizes distortion It is used most often for Data Representation because it has minimal distortion.

22. Robinson Projection Provides better balance of size and shape at higher latitudes (does not maintain accurate area, shape, distance, or direction…but minimizes errors )

24. Conic Great distortion away from central area

25. Planar Projection Useful for less distortion at the POLES!

27. Used frequently in atlases to show distribution patterns. Used by the USGS to show prospective hydrocarbon provinces and sedimentary basins of the world. Has been used for maps of Africa, South America, and other large areas that are mainly north-south in extent.

30. Dot Maps

31. Dot Maps-A dot map uses a dot to represent the number of a variable found within an area Dot maps: use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences (crime, births or disease).

32. Isoline Maps

33. Isoline An isoline map is a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value An isoline map is a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value Usually used to show elevation and weather variables Usually used to show elevation and weather variables Isolines close together show a rapid change in the variable Isolines close together show a rapid change in the variable

34. Chloropleth maps

35. Chloropleth Puts data into a Puts data into a spatial format and is useful for determining demographic data(mortality rates ) Can be very misleading as the variables can be changed to manipulate the message shown Can be very misleading as the variables can be changed to manipulate the message shown

36. cartograms – chart and assign data by size. Examples: populations, mortality rates, GDP Gross Domestic Product

37. Child Mortality Cartogram

38. Cartogram

40. Proportional Symbol US Population

41. Proportional Symbol The size of the symbol will vary from place to place according in proportion to the quantities the symbol represents The size of the symbol will vary from place to place according in proportion to the quantities the symbol represents

42. Displaying the same geographical features at various scales may also depict misleading results.

43. Map Basics Scale- the relationship between the length of an object on a map to its length on the landscape Scale- the relationship between the length of an object on a map to its length on the landscape Small Scale shows a large area – Small Scale shows a large area – 1:250,000 (World Map) Large Scale shows a small area in detail – Large Scale shows a small area in detail – 1:1000 (City Map) Small Scale Large Scale Small Scale Large Scale World Map, Continent, Country, Region, State, City, Neighborhood World Map, Continent, Country, Region, State, City, Neighborhood

44. The map scale tells you the relationship between the distance on the map and the true distance on the surface of the Earth. To calculate distance measure the distance on the map and then place on the scale to measure the true difference Be careful to make sure you have the correct unit. Many maps have both miles and kilometers

45. Comparing maps of different scale Different maps need to show different levels of detail. Sometimes you need to show a lot detail for a small area, and sometimes you need to show little detail of a larger area. A Small-Scale Map shows a large area with small details. It is good for relative locations A Large-Scale Map shows a small area with large details. It is good for detailed looks at small areas

46. This map shows the total number of African- Americans per state. Examine Georgia.

47. In the previous slide, Georgia had one of the highest number of African-Americans, but a closer look tells a different picture. The dark red is the Atlanta metropolitan area.

48. Using Census Tracts of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, a different scale gives different results.

50. Data may also distort desired results. The following slides show how population of a particular cohort may be misleading.

51. This map shows the percentage of African-Americans living within counties across the US.

52. This map shows the total number of African- Americans living in each county across the US.

53. These four New York counties (New York, Kings, Queens, and Bronx) have a combined African- American population of 2,121,882 and outnumbers the total number of African- Americans in the entire state of Texas 2,021,632

55. A similar comparison can be made with Hispanics living in the US. This map shows the total percentage of Hispanics in each county.

56. This map displays the total number of Hispanics in each US county.

57. These three Southern California counties (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego) have a total Hispanic population of 5,045,726 which is greater than the total Hispanic population of Texas at 4,339,905. New Mexico has the greatest percentage of Hispanics (33%), it’s total Hispanic population is 579,224.

58. US Population The map below shows the US population divided into Natural Breaks. In this case, the natural breaks are near the 7,000,000 mark.

59. US Population This map shows US population in Quintiles. In this map, states are classified into five separate categories based on population. The dark red represents the states in the top one-fifth. The total population in each state has not changed; however, the way that it is classified has changed.

60. Natural Breaks Quintile

61. The next few slides present a better picture of how other places compare to the US

62. West Virginia Population: 1,900,000 Monongalia County Population: 80,000

63. Population of Monongalia County Communities Morgantown: 28,000Westover: 4,200 Granville: 798Cheat Lake: 4,000

64. Lebanon Population: 3,000,000

65. Gaza Strip Population: 730,000

66. North Korea Population: 22,000,000

67. Israel Population: 5,700,000

68. Iraq Population: 21,000,000

69. Manhattan Island Population: 1,700,000

70. Yukon-Koyukuk County, Alaska Population: 7,900

71. Washington, DC Population: 600,000

72. There are many different types of maps to show different types of information Physical maps show physical features using shading, relief, or different colors.

73. Political Maps show political features such as national boundaries and borders. The maps may be black and white, or they may use color to show different countries. Europe Before WWII Europe After WWII. The Cold War Europe After the break up of the Soviet Union These maps may also change over time as political borders change.

74. Population Distribution Population distribution shows how the population of areas is spread out. Population Density Population Density tells how many people are concentrated in one square mile or square kilometer of an area

75. Climate Maps A climate map shows the climactic characteristics of a region. Remember weather is different from climate. Weather is daily, climate is over the long term. Vegetation Maps A Natural Vegetation maps show what plants grow in areas that have not been altered significantly by human activity. Vegetation is closely tied to climate

76. Special Purpose Maps are designed to show a specific type of information. World Religions This map shows how the various religions of the world are distributed. World Languages This map show how the various official languages of the world are distributed

77. An Economic Activity Map show how countries use their resources to produce goods and services Where is most of the manufacturing take place in China? In the East What is the main economic activity in Western China? Nomadic Herding

78. Contour maps, or topographic maps use isolines to connect areas of equal elevation. Isolines can also be used on weather maps to show areas of the same temperature or air pressure.

79. Some uses for Mental Maps Carry out daily activities (e.g., route to school, shopping) Give directions to others Understand world events Ways mental maps can be developed and refined Comparing sketch maps to maps in atlases or other resources Describing the location of places in terms of reference points (the equator, prime meridian) Describing the location of places in terms of geographic features and land forms (e.g., west of the Mississippi River, north of the Gulf of Mexico) Describing the location of places in terms of the human characteristics of a place (e.g., languages, types of housing, dress, recreation, customs and traditions) Mental maps are our mind’s representation of how something looks. It may be the earth, it may be our house, the mall, the school, or most any place we go. How a child may see the world in their mind. How an adult may see the world in their mind. Much more complex

80. Information can come from a variety of Geographic Sources GIS Geographic Information Systems This system collects information from a variety of sources and compiles it by computer into useful forms. Field Work Going out and gathering information. Taking rock samples, performing interviews, taking photos, etc... Satellite Images Images taken from space have a variety of different uses Weather Cartography Defense

81. Photographs Images of Geographic features, monuments, architecture, and cultural characteristics from around the world Maps and Globes Maps and Globes are visual representations of the earth’s surface Data Base A Data Base collects and stores statistical information on population, precipitation, etc... Primary Source A first hand, or eyewitness account of an event. Secondary Source A second hand account of an event