1. Chemical Equilibrium

2. The Equilibrium Condition So far, we have assumed that reactions proceed to completion. Many actually fall short of completion and reach chemical equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium is the state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. Figure 13.1 a-d A Molecular Representation of the Reaction 2NO 2 (g) - N 2 O 4 (g)

3. If the reaction appears to have gone to completion, the equilibrium position will favor the products and lies to the right (in the direction of the products). If the reaction only occurs to a small extent, where the reaction is almost undetectable, then the equilibrium position favors the reactants and lies far to the left (in the direction of the reactants). H 2 O (g) + CO (g) ↔ H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)

4. The concentration of the product increases and the concentration of the reactant decreases, but at a certain time, the concentrations stay the same. Notice how the [reactant] never reaches 0. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) ↔ 2NH 3 (g)

5. Remember that reactions occur when molecules collide into one other with enough energy and in the correct orientation. Higher concentrations = more collisions= faster reactions.

6. Factors determining the equilibrium position: –Initial concentrations –Energies of reactants and products –“Organization” of reactants and products Concentrations of reactants and products may remain unchanged when mixed if: –The system has reached equilibrium –Forward and reverse reactions are so slow that the system moves to equilibrium at an undetectable rate.

7. The Equilibrium Constant Law of mass action: jA + kB ↔ lC + mD –Where j, k, l, m are coefficients and A, B, C, D are the chemical species. The law of mass action is represented by the equilibrium expression: K is the equilibrium constant and does not have units.

8. The value of the equilibrium constant can be calculated if equilibrium concentrations are known for a given reaction.

9. The equilibrium expression for a reaction is the reciprocal of that for the reaction in reverse. When a balanced equation is multiplied by a factor n, the equilibrium expression for the new reaction is the old reaction raised to the nth power. njA + nkB ↔ nlC + nmD Example 13.19 on pg. 614

10. Although the equilibrium expression is constant for a given reaction, equilibrium concentrations will NOT always be the same. Each set of equilibrium concentrations is called an equilibrium position. Equilibrium positions can vary, but equilibrium constants do not vary.

11. Le Chậtelier’s Principle Manufacturers want to ensure that equilibrium lies far to the right, in favor of the production of products. We can predict the effects of changes in concentration, pressure, and temperature based on Le Chậtelier’s Principle, which says that if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium then the position of the equilibrium will shift in order to reduce that change.

12. The Effect of Change on Concentration –If add a reactant, the equilibrium position will shift to the right in order to reduce the amount of reactant. –If a product is added, the equilibrium position will shift to the left in order to reduce the amount of product. –If a substance is removed, the equilibrium position will shift towards that substance in order to increase the amount of the removed substance.

13. As 4 O 6 (s) + 6C(s) → As 4 (g) + 6CO(g) Predict the direction of the shift of the equilibrium position in response to each of the following changes in conditions. a.) Addition of carbon monoxide b.) Addition of tetraarsenic hexoxide c.) Removal of carbon d.) Removal of gaseous arsenic

14. The Effect of a Change in Pressure Three ways to change the pressure: 1.Add or remove a gaseous reactant or product. -already discussed 2.Add an inert gas. -do not participate in the reaction in any way; therefore, they do not affect the equilibrium 3.Change the volume of the container. -discussed on the next slide

15. Since volume is directly proportional to moles according to PV=nRT, the system will reduce the total number of molecules present by shifting towards the side of the reaction with the least number of moles when the volume is decreased.

16. Predict the shift in equilibrium position that will occur for each of the following processes when the volume is reduced. a.) P 4 (s) + 6Cl 2 (g) → 4PCl 3 (l) b.) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) → PCl 5 (g) c.) PCl 3 (g) + 3NH 3 (g) → P(NH 2 ) 3 (g) + 3HCl (g)

17. The Effect of a Change in Temperature Changes in pressure and concentrations do NOT change K, but temperature changes alter the value of K. –Endothermic reactions can be viewed as adding an additional reactant. The equilibrium shifts to the right, increasing K. –Exothermic reactions can be viewed as adding a product. The equilibrium shifts to the left, decreasing K.

18. Summary of Le Chậtelier’s Principle For the reaction: 58 kJ +N 2 O 4 (g) →2NO 2 (g)