1. Unit 1

2.  Properties of matter and changes of matter  Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space

3.  Any substance that has a definite composition ◦ Always made of the same stuff in exactly the same proportions  Examples: H 2 O, NaCl, C 12 H 22 O 11  All around us

4.  Changes in chemicals ◦ Ex: things growing, food cooking, taking a photo (film)  We use reactions to produce chemicals ◦ Ex: plastics, acids

5.  Solid, Liquid, Gas ◦ What is the difference between ice, water, steam?  Solid ◦ Definite shape, definite volume  Liquid ◦ No definite shape, definite volume  Gas ◦ No definite shape, no definite volume

6.  2 types of solids ◦ Crystalline solid (crystal)  Arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern ◦ Amorphous solid (without form)  Arranged randomly – no pattern

7.  Definite shape  Definite volume  Nonfluidity  Definite melting point  High density  Incompressibility

8.  The total 3-dimensional array of points that describe the arrangement of particles in a crystal is called a crystal lattice. 1 repeating piece is a unit cell

9.  Definite volume  Fluidity – able to flow  Relative high density  Relative incompressibility  Dissolving ability  Ability to diffuse  Tendency to evaporate and boil  Tendency to solidify

10.  Properties that can be measured or observed without changing it’s identity ◦ Length, mass, color, odor, density, boiling point, melting point

11.  Matter can change ◦ Ice melts, water fogs a mirror, bike spokes rust, red clothes fade, milk sours  2 types of changes

12.  A change in which the identity of a substance does not change ◦ Change physical properties  Melting, freezing, dissolving, crushing, boiling

13. Temperature ( o C) Pressure (atm) 100 0 1 Liquid Gas Solid (Triple Point) (Boiling Points) (Freezing Points).

14.  Also called a chemical reaction  Things turn into something new  2 parts of a chemical reaction ◦ Reactants – things that react ◦ Products – things that are produced

15. Reactant + Reactant  Product + Product Propane + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water

16.  1 of 4 things must happen 1. A gas is produced 2. Formation of a precipitate 3. Release of heat and light 4. Color change

17.  All matter is made of atoms ◦ There are 115 kinds of atoms  Matter is either a pure substance or a mixture

18.  2 Types  Can it be separated? ◦ Yes, it is a compound  H 2 O, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6, H 2 SO 4 ◦ No, it is an element  H, O, Na, Au, Pb

19.  2 Types  Is it all the same? ◦ Yes, it is a homogeneous mixture  Tap water, air, apple juice ◦ No, it is a heterogeneous mixture  Salt/pepper, orange juice, choc chip cookie

20.  3 kinds of mixtures  1. Solution ◦ Soluble – will dissolve ◦ Forms a homogeneous mixture  Very small particles ◦ 2 Parts of a solution  Solute – stuff that dissolves  Solvent – stuff that the solute dissolves in

21. SoluteSolventExample Gas Air GasLiquidSoda Water GasSolid- LiquidGasHumidity Liquid Juice in water LiquidSolid- GasSulfur in air SolidLiquidKool Aid Solid Alloy (Brass)

22.  2. Suspensions ◦ Heterogeneous mixture that settles ◦ Large particles ◦ Muddy water, Italian salad dressing  (anything that must be shaken)

23.  3. Colloids ◦ Intermediate sized particles ◦ Particles disperse  2 parts of a colloid ◦ Tyndall Effect  Seeing a beam of light  (separates colloid from solution)

24.  ColloidPhase  Gelsolid dispersed in liquid  Liquid emulsionliquid dispersed in liquid  Foamgas dispersed in liquid  Smokesolid dispersed in gas  Fogliquid dispersed in gas  Smogsolid & liquid dispersed in gas

25.  Solutions  Homogeneous  Very small particles  Does not separate  No light scattering  Colloids  Homogeneous  Intermediate sized  Does not separate  Tyndall effect  Suspensions  Heterogeneous  Large particles  Separates  No Tyndall effect

26.  Increasing the Rate of dissolving ◦ 1.Increase the surface area of solute ◦ 2. Agitating the solution ◦ 3. Heating the solvent

27.  Electrolyte ◦ A solution that has ions in it and can conduct electricity  Saturated solution ◦ Contains the maximum amount of solute  Unsaturated solution ◦ Contains less than the maximum amount of solute  Supersaturated solution ◦ Contains more than the maximum amount of solute  (Rock candy, crystals)

28.  1.Types of solvents and solutes ◦ Like dissolves like  Refers to polarity  Water is a polar molecule  Oil is a nonpolar molecule  If they are the same polarity, the compounds are miscible (mixable) - salt in water, vinegar in water  If they are not soluble, they are immiscible (not mixable) - oil in water, salt in oil

29.  2.Pressure ◦ Under pressure a gas will enter and dissolve in a liquid  fizz in a bottle of pop ◦ If pressure is released, the liquid can’t hold as much gas  Effervescence  3.Temperature ◦ Warmer liquids hold less gas  Burp more from warm pop