1. MLab. Matsubara Laboratory Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Japan 1 New Perspectives on “Media Studies” in Technology Education Prof. Shinichi Matsubara, Ph.D. Shiga University, Japan ICTE2006 (International Conference on Technology Education) on the 5 th to 7 th of January, 2006 in Hong Kong.

2. MLab. Matsubara Laboratory Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Japan 2 1 Introduction and Key Points

3. 3 Two kinds of “Computer Education” Traditionally ○ Learning the comp. / Learning by the comp. In Subject Pedagogy ○ Content of Study / Way of Study By the MEXT of Japan ○ Information Literacy / IT Utilization “Information Studies Education” as Information Core Education

4. 4 Learning in Subject Education In Math Education, what do the students learn? So, In Language Education, what do the students learn? In Science Education, what do the students learn? IT Education ( or ICT Education) ?

5. 5 What do the students learn in IT Education? Is the answer; ○How to use a computer? ○Application software? ○Way of Web Browsing?, … ○Rule and manners in information society? Reconsideration → Information Skills → Information Morality Is it good?

6. 6 Skills in each subject Math ○Calculation on paper → Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, … Language ○Reading and Writing → Characters, words, sentences, … Science ○Experiment and Observation → Directions of lab ware, … Information Technology (IT, ICT,…) ○Information Skills → Operation of PC, Use of software, … Invariability Variability

7. 7 Contents of Subject Education Math → algebra, geometry, statistics, … Language → reading, writing, grammar ， … Science → physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, … Then, Information → ? ? ? ? ? Informatics- Information Studies (Fundamental Informatics, Information Science, ICT, …)

8. 8 “Informatics” in Japan Kyoto University http://www.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/2005/informatics/index.html Tokyo University http://www.iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gnrl_info/message04.htm National Institute of Informatics http://www.nii.ac.jp/publications/nii-leaflet/gaiyou2005.pdf Japan Society of Information and Knowledge http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsik/honkai/katsudo.html ： The field of “Informatics” is set up in the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

9. 9 Three points of view on “Informatics / Information Studies” Scientific eye ○Fundamental Informatics / Information Science, etc. (Theory) Practical eye ○Processing Skill (Practice ） Examiner’s eye ○Safe Life in Information Society (Information Security and Safety)

10. 10 “Media” John Fisk (1982) Introduction to Communication Studies, Methuen, London and New York. Category 1: the presentational media the voice, the face, the body Category 2: the representational media books, paintings, photographs, writings, architecture, interior decorating, gardening, etc. Category 3: the mechanical media telephones, radio, television, telexes.

11. MLab. Matsubara Laboratory Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Japan 11 2 History of IT Education

12. 12 Table 1. History of Technology Education in Lower Secondary School of Japan Fiscal YearsYearsSubject NameContentsVE / GE 1947 – 19504Vocations Vocational Contents Vocational Education 1951 – 19566 Vocations and Homemaking 1957 – 19615 1962 – 197110 Industrial Arts and Homemaking (44 Years as of 2005) Woodworking, Metalworking, Mechanics, Electrics, Cultivation General Education 1972 – 19809 1981 – 199212 1993 – 20019 New Contents: IT: Information Technology 2002 – xxxx? New Contents: IC: Information and Computer

13. 13 Educational Problems in Lower Secondary School of Japan - (#1) Teacher Training Course for Technology based on Education Personnel Certification ･ Before FY1999 - 40 Units ･ After FY2000 - 20 Units ↓ “IT” is one of 6 areas. 20/6=3.3 EP-1 ： Only 3 Units (Lecture 2, Practice 1)

14. 14 Educational Problems in Lower Secondary School of Japan - (#2) EP-2 ： Learning time of Industrial Arts is very short. 175H for Industrial Arts (IA-A, IA-B) and Homemaking (HM-A, HM-B) ( 175H = [1]70H + [2]70H + [3]35H ) 87.5H (175/2) for Industrial Arts (IA-A, IA-B), Actually 84H at most EP-3 ： The Connection from Elementary to Lower Secondary is not good. No subject of IT in Elementary School IT education is placed in the existing subjects etc. So, It is difficult to teach IA because the information skills are various. EP-4 ： The distribution to IA-A and IA-B is free. 42+42, …, 50+34, …, 58+26, … EP-5 ： It corresponds to new social circumstances. (information safety education)

15. 15 Table 2. History of Technology Education in Upper Secondary School of Japan Fiscal YearsSubject NameHours 2003 – xxxx IT (Information Technology) (IT-A, IT-B, IT-C) C: 2 Units (70 Hours)

16. 16 Educational Problems in Upper Secondary School of Japan EP-1: The Connection from Lower to Upper Secondary is not good. EP-2: One is selected from IT-A, IT-B and IT-C. IT skills are various because they are different. EP-3: The content of study greatly depends on the teacher. EP-4: It corresponds to new social circumstances. (information safety education) :

17. MLab. Matsubara Laboratory Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Japan 17 3 What Competencies are Needed ?

18. 18 PISA, UNESCO and ACM Key Competencies (PISA: The programme for International Student Assessment) (OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) ICT in Education (UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) K-12 CS Model Curriculum (ACM: Association for Computing Machinery)

19. 19 MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan) Information Technology Education (1) Central Council for Education (CCE) Subdivision on Elementary and Lower Secondary Education http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/index.htm http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/index.htm Subject Education by ＩＴ Utilization (2) Meeting for Informationization of Elementary and Secondary education http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/shotou/027/index.ht m http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/shotou/027/index.ht m

20. 20 Academic Societies in Japan (3) A proposal concerning information education and information processing education of Japan by IPSJ (Information Processing Society of Japan) 2005/10/29 (4) ICT curriculum for the next elementary and secondary education (plan) by JSiSE (Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education ) 2005/12/01 (5) For understandings and promotion of Technology Education by ISTE (The Japanese Society of Technology Education ) 2005 ：

21. MLab. Matsubara Laboratory Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Japan 21 4 A Proposal of Core Curriculum of Information Studies Education

22. 22 Fig-1. Core Framework of Information Studies

23. 23 Table 4. Proposal of Core Curriculum of Technology Education School Level Technology Education Technology #1Technology #2 Elementary School HandicraftInformation Studies: "Media" Lower Secondary School Industrial ArtsInformation Studies: "Information and Computer" Upper Secondary School Industry -Vocational Subject Information Studies: "IS-1", "IS-2", "IS-3"

24. 24 Table 5. Examples of “Media Studies” in the Elementary School Media StudiesExamples Nature of MediaWhat is “media”? Kinds and Characteristics of “Media” Utilization and Production of Media Expression and Solution by using “Media” Influence of MediaPerformance and Influence of “Media”

25. 25 Table 6. Examples of “Information and Computer” in the Lower Secondary School Information Technology Examples Information SkillPower of IT Utilities Information Science Information Processing, Computer Science Information Society Characteristics of Information Society, Appropriate Participation in Information Society Information SafetyDigital Environment Literacy for Information Moral and Safety Education (Matsubara 2004a)

26. 26 Table 7. Courses of “Information Technology” in the upper Secondary School CoursesHours Aspect of Information Studies Contents IS-1 (compulsory) 2 Units (70 Hours) PE (Practical Eye) Information Skill and Moral (including Basic Information Technology) IS-2 (compulsory) 2 Units (70 Hours) EE (Examiner’s Eye) Information Society and Safety IS-3 (elective, or compulsory) 2 Units (70 Hours) SE (Scientific Eye) Advanced Information Science

27. 27 Conclusion “Core framework of Information Studies” is proposed for the core curriculum. It is based on “Informatics” and is including “Media Studies” and “Information Safety”. The perspectives of “Information Studies” are shown for discussion of the next national curriculum of Japan. The subject “Media” is often located in arts education. At present of Japan, the decrease in scholastic attainments becomes a big problem. Therefore, new framework is needed for a new society.