2. Taxonomy, Classification... and some phylogeny too!

3. Some definitions Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species or group of species Taxonomy: discipline of naming and classifying organisms Systematics: discipline that involves classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships Cladistics: an approach to systematics in which common ancestry is a criterion for grouping organisms

4. Domain (recent addition) Kingdom (on its way out?) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchical Classification Binomial Nomenclature – Linnaeus: based on structures

5. Dumb Kids Prefer Coke over Fanta Grape Soda Dodgy King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

6. Classification and Phylogeny Classification is illustrated in phylogenetic trees – Groups within more inclusive groups Shows evolutionary relationships

7. What do we use to construct phylogenetic trees? Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy DNA comparison Cladistics

8. A way of illustrating a phylogenetic tree Based on two-way branch points Branch point represents divergence of two species from a common ancestor The deeper the branch point, the longer ago the divergence occurred What is a cladogram?

9. Cladograms Clade- a branch of the cladogram Monophyletic: ancestral clade & all of its descendents Paraphyletic: contains an ancestral group, but not all descendants (Unacceptable) Polyphyletic: doesn’t contain a shared common ancestor (unacceptable)

10. homologies

11. Convergent evolution (produces analogies) Back mutations- revert back to a more primitive trait Gene transfer between species Conflicting evidence It’s only a hypothesis; uses the most parsimonious explanation – Parsimony- The simplest explanation is usually the best – Not always the best What are the challenges faced when constructing a cladogram?

12. Archaebacteria & Bacteria Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system – reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Bacteria Prokaryote: Archaebacteria Eukaryotes – Protists – Plants – Fungi – Animals Prokaryote Eukaryote

13. Kingdom Protist Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria