1. Classification and taxonomy Objectives   Define the terms taxonomy, phylogeny and classification   Explain the relationship between classification and phylogeny

2. Key Terms Classification is......the process of sorting living things into groups. Taxonomy is......the study of the principles of classification Phylogeny is......the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

3. Why Classify?

4. This video should highlight the need for classification: Write down all of the living organisms that appear in this film. link

5. Separating organisms How could you group these animals?

6. Why Classify?   Convenience   Make studying living organisms more manageable   Make it easier to identify organisms – both new and old   To help us to see interspecies relationships   To create a world wide record of all living organisms   To help communication

7.   A non-profit organization dedicated to the complete inventory of all species of life on Earth within the next 25 years.   Aims to describe and classify all of the surviving species of the world (there are about 13.6 million species)

8. How do we classify?   Historically it has been based on observable features   More recently it has been based on DNA and biochemistry

9. Carl Linnaeus   Founder of the binomial system of nomenclature   and the hierarchical system of classification   Published Species Plantarum in 1753 http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Linnaeus.html

10. Hierarchical System   Kingdom : largest group of organisms sharing common features   Phylum : major subdivision of a kingdom   Class: group of related orders, subdivision of a phylum   Order: group of related families, subdivision of a class   Family : group of closely related genera, subdivision of order   Genus: group of related species, subdivision of family   Species: breed freely with one another

11. K – P – C – O – F – G - S King Philip Conquered Over France, Germany and Spain Or King Philip Called Out For Good Soup! Or King Penguins Congregate On Frozen Ground Sometimes Each level of classification is called a Taxa

12. Humans!   K = animalia   P = chordata   C = mammalia   O = primates   F = hominidae   G= homo   S = sapiens Homo sapiens

13. The higher the taxa the more diversity is shown between individuals within a group e.g. there is more variation between organisms in the kingdom animalae than between organisms in the class mammalia

14.   crash course classification crash course classification

15. What is a species?

16. Species   the smallest basic taxonomic unit used to define living organisms   a group of individuals – –with similar key features but show variation – –they are usually able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring BUT: this definition does not take into account simple organisms that reproduce asexually

17. Same species? 64 6263 Equus ferus Canis lupus Equus ferus Equus africanus

18. Ligers?!   Hobbs (male) from Sierra Safari Zoo   Hobbs, with a mane like a lion, the long body of a tiger, and more mass than either, is a striking animal.   He exhibits traits of both parents, his mother was a Bengal tigress and his father an African lion.   He roars like a lion and swims like a tiger. http://www.sierrasafarizoo.com/animals/liger.htm

19.   Breeding a male donkey to a female horse results in a mule   Breeding a male horse to a female donkey produces a hinny. http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html

20. Binomial naming   Animals are referred to by their genus and species. For example: Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Lion Panthera leo

21. Family Felidae Genus Panthera Genus Leopardus Species leo Species tigris Species pardalis Binomial System Nearest common ancestor of the lion and the tiger Nearest common ancestor of the Ocelot, the lion and the tiger

22. Binomial nomenclature   Conventions in writing scientific names – –Made up of genus and species name – –Genus name starts with a capital letter – –Species name all in small letters – –If writing by hand: underline – –If typing: use italics

23. Binomial nomenclature of wild flowers Common nameScientific name Red cloverTrifolium pratense Herb robertGeranium robertianum Cut-leaved cranesbillGeranium dissectum Meadow thistleCirsium dissectum 1.In addition to writing the name in italics, what other convention is used for scientific names? 2.What genus does red clover belong to? 3.What is the species name of meadow thistle? 4.Which two plants are most closely related: a)Meadow thistle and cut-leaved cranesbill b)Herb robert and cut-leaved cranesbill?