1. Ancient Egypt State-Formation

3. OsirisSetIsisNephthysHorus

4. Palermo Stone (Museo archeologico regionale di Palermo) Palermo Stone, 43.5 x 25 cm (Antonio Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum) Detail of upper registers and hypothetical position among the seven extant fragments

5. The Narmer Palette, 64 x 42 cm, from Hierokonpolis (Egyptian Museum)

6. Narmer Palette, Serpopard side Red crown of Lower Egypt Narmer’s name “Followers of Horus”

7. Narmer Palette, smiting side White crown of Upper Egypt

8. Scorpion Macehead, 25 cm, from Hierokonpolis (Ashmolean Museum)

9. Early dynastic tombs at Umm el-Qa'ab Subsidiary burials of the Tomb of Aha Tomb of Den

10. Map of Sakkara Tomb 3357

11. Palaeolithic700,000-7000 BCE Saharan Neolithic8800-4700 Early8800-6800 Middle6600-5100 Late5100-4700 Predynastic5300-3000 Lower Egypt Neolithic5300-4000 Maadi4000-3200 Upper Egypt Badarian4400-4000 Naqada I4000-3500 (Amratian) Naqada II3500-3200 (Gerzean) Naqada III3200-3000 (Dynasty 0) 1 ST Persian Period (27 th -30 th )525-404 2d Persian Period343-332 Ptolemaic Period332-30 Macedonian332-310 Ptolemaic305-30 Roman30 BCE-642 CE