1. Human Migration and the Neolithic Revolution

2. Emergence of Humans Homo sapiens emerged 250,000-200,000 years ago in East Africa – Walked upright – Used symbolic language Organized by tribes and clans – Less than 50 people in a group

3. Ice Age (110,000-10,000 BCE)

4. Early Human Migration 70,000 BCE 500 CE 60,000- 40,000 BCE 30,000- 15,000 BCE 10,500 BCE 45,000 BCE 1000 CE 100,000 BCE 1500 BCE

5. Paleolithic Society Nomadic: moved regularly from place to place Hunter-gatherers: hunted animals and gathered wild grains, nuts, roots, fruits and vegetables – Gathering accounted for up to 70% of diet Egalitarian society Beginning of religious beliefs to explain how the world works – Shamans: individuals who could communicate with spirits and had healing powers – Conducted religious rituals

6. Chauvet Cave Art

7. Lascaux Cave Art

9. Altamira Cave Art

10. Gobekli Tepe

11. Built ca. 10,000 BCE in southeastern Turkey Temple and ceremonial center for semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers – Columns depicted animals No signs of long-term settlement

12. Causes of the Neolithic Revolution Last Ice Age ended 14,000-8,000 BCE – Earth became warmer – More diverse plants and animals emerged and flourished Extinction of large mammals – Either from climate change or over- hunting by humans

13. Neolithic Revolution Agriculture: deliberate cultivation of plants and animals for consumption by humans Intensification: Getting more food from less land Domestication: altering the genetic traits of plants or animals through selective breeding to benefit humans

14. Fertile Crescent Earliest records of agriculture (9000-8000 BCE) Large concentration of plants and animals that could be domesticated

15. Domestication of Plants Mesoamerica: genetically- engineered maize (corn) from teosinte Fertile Crescent: domestication of wheat

16. Tools Hoes and sickles developed to plant and harvest grains Needles to sew furs and skins Pots – Stone or clay to store food Metallurgy: working gold, copper, bronze into jewelry, tools, weapons

17. Spread of Agriculture Developed independently throughout the world over several thousand years – Diffusion vs. Colonization/Migration

18. Worldwide Agriculture

19. Domestication of Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs, camels, reindeer – Used their milk, meat, blood, and labor

20. Pastoralism Pastoralism: raising and herding livestock for human consumption Prominent in deserts, steppes, grass, and scrublands – Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Sahara Desert, southeastern Africa

21. Effects of Neolithic Revolution Surplus: leftovers for storage or trade Increased population Diversification of labor: less people need to find food which allowed people to have other jobs Urbanization: shift from nomadism to settlements – Villages, eventually cities

22. Çatal Huyuk

23. Inhabited from 7500-5700 BCE Population of 5,000-10,000

24. Mother Goddess Figurines Women were likely equal to, if not higher than, men Beginning signs of agriculture, though still relied on hunting