1. Week 10 Central Nervous System The Brain Sheep HumanHuman BrainBrain Brain Expanded Studies

2. OBJECTIVES Identify the components of the human brain using models and diagrams Identify the cranial nerves Identify the structures of the sheep brain

3. Objective 1: Anatomy of the Human Brain & Cranial Nerves

4. Cerebrum (gold area) Diencephalon (Violet area) Brain stem (green area) Cerebellum (pink area) 4 Major Regions of the Brain

5. Cerebrum 1

6. Fissure Sulcus Gyrus Ventricles Structures of the Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres Left HemisphereRight Hemisphere Gray Matter – Cerebral cortex & Basal nuclei White Matter – Myelinated axons (fiber tracts) Frontal cut

7. Recap: Pyramidal Cells of Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Histology - Recap

8. Structures of the Cerebrum Surface Lateral View Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Transversefissure Postcentral gyrusPrecentral gyrus

9. Structures of the Cerebrum Midsagittal Section Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix

10. The Real Thing: Human Brain, Lateral ViewOccipital lobe lobe Frontal Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Gyrus Lateral sulcus Central sulcus Transverse Fissure

11. The Real Thing: Human Brain, Superior View Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus Post central gyrus Pre central gyrus Frontal pole Occipital pole

12. Midsagittal Section MRI Fornix Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum

13. Internal Structures of the Cerebrum Frontal Section Corpus callosum Fornix Lateral Ventricles Septum pellucidum

14. Kim Peek, the inspiration for the 1988 Oscar-winning movie Rain Man Among other things, his MRI scan shows an absent corpus callosum Read more about Kim, mega savant: http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant/ kimpeek.cfm

15. Functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex

16. Functional Mapping of Pre and Post Central Gyri

17. Functional areas of the cerebrum Cerebral (Basal) Nuclei Initiate, regulate, monitor intensity of & stop movements Maybe help in regulating attention and in cognition Coordination

18. Diencephalon 2

19. Structures of the Diencephalon Midsagittal Section Corpus callosum Intermediate mass Hypothalamus Mammillary body Thalamus Pineal body/gland Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Infundibulum

20. Functions of the Diencephalon Endocrine System Relay Stations Thalamus

21. Pineal = “pine cone” Pineal Gland Extends from Epithalamus Secretes melatonin

22. Internal composition - Function Thalamus Fiber tracts connecting the thalami Relay station of the brain Sensation, Motor activities, Cortical arousal, Learning, Memory

23. Internal composition - Functions Endocrine System Master gland of the body “The brain of the brain” The power behind the pituitary gland Homeostasis regulation (ANS) Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Anterior Neurohormones (Hormone storage) Hormones released by pituitary gland control other glands 6 Adeno- hypo- physeal hormones

24. Mammillary Bodies Limbic System olfaction, emotion, motivation, behavior, and various autonomic functions Fornix Mammillary Body Thalamus Infundibulum Olfaction relay station

25. Brainstem 3

26. Structures of the Brainstem Midsagittal Section Pons Medulla oblongata Midbrain: Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Cerebral peduncle

27. Midbrain Corpora quadrigemina Pons Medulla Oblongata Structures of the Brainstem Posterolateral View Cerebral peduncle Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Pineal gland Thalamus

28. Structures of the Brainstem Inferior View Midbrain (Cerebral peduncle) Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Optic chiasma Infundibulum Mammilary Bodies

29. Functions of the Brainstem Visual & Auditory Reflexes

30. Cerebellum “Little Brain” 4

31. Structures of the Cerebellum Posterior Connects the two lobes

32. Arbor Vitae Cerebellar Peduncles Fourth ventricle Structures of the Cerebellum Midsagittal Section

33. Structures of the Cerebellum Peduncles 3 major input and output fiber bundles Midbrain

34. Cerebellum Histology - Recap Purkinje Cells

35. Functions of the Cerebellum Cognition roles: Attention, word association, puzzle solving, processing language and music

36. Ventricles & Meninges

37. Meninges of the Brain

38. A mnemonic PAD from deep to superficial the layers of the meninges are pia, arachnoid, dura (they pad the brain) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater Meninges = “Membrane” Subarachnoid space

39. Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Dural Sinuses Periosteal layer Meningeal layer Well, one of them anyway

40. Superior Sagittal Sinus

41. Human Meninges Dura Mater Inner layer of Dura Mater External layer of Dura Mater (Inner Periosteum) SkullSkull Superior Sagittal Sinuses (Outer Periosteum) Pia Mater

43. Arachnoid Mater

44. Arachnoid villi Dura Mater

45. Ventricles of the Brain

46. Corpus callosum Lateral ventricles Third ventricle Ventricles Coronal Section of Brain Dien- ceph- alon

47. Cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by the choroid plexus found in the ventricles Die-cast model

48. Ventricles Midsagittal Section of Brain Lateral Ventricle Interventricular Foramen Fourth Ventricle Choroid Plexus Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct

49. Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Fourth Ventricle Identify these spaces:

50. Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Choriod plexus Superior sagittal sinus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid villus Lateral ventricles ventricle ventricle ventricle ? Vein Interventricular foramen ? 3rd ? Cerebral aqueduct ? 4th

51. Cerebellum Brainstem Cerebrum Diencephalon Dura mater Corpus callosum Review of the Brain Regions & Structures Ventricles (Meninges) Pons Regions Structures Coverings Spaces Fornix Corpora quadrigemina ? ? ? ?

52. Cerebrum Cerebral cortex (Meninges) Dura mater Corpus callosum Ventricles Diencephalon Review of the Brain Regions & Structures Thalamus

53. 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny - Very Good Vehicle AnyHow Oh, Oh, Oh - To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet - AH! Filaments of Olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Optic tractOculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Accessory nerve (XI) Vagus nerve (X) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Facial nerve (VII)

54. The Real Thing Olfactory Bulb (I) Optic Nerve (II) Oculomotor Nerve (III) Trigeminal Nerve (V) Abducens Nerve (VI) Vestibulo- cochlear Nerve (VIII) Facial Nerve (VII) Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) Glosso- Pharyngeal (IX) Accessory Nerves (XI) Vagus (X) Trochlear Nerve (IV)

55. Human Cranial Nerves - close up Olfactory Bulbs (I) Optic Nerves (II) Oculomotor Nerves (III) Optic Chiasm Trochlear Nerves (IV) Abducens Nerves (VI) OlfactoryTracts Trigeminal Nerves (V)

56. FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

57. Hemorrhagic Stroke Tumor Brain Pathologies Ischemic Stroke

58. Objective 2: Sheep Brain Dissection

59. 1 Identify the external structures Inferior Sheep brain structures are the same as the human brain, only slightly different sizes

60. Remove Dura mater (w/ pituitary gland) Remove Dura mater (w/ pituitary gland) Identify the external structures Superior Same structures as human brain, only slightly different size2 1 2

61. Identify the external structures Inferior 1 2 3 4

62. Pull back the cerebellum to reveal Corpora Quadrigemina & Pineal Gland3 ?

63. Brainstem Diencephalon4

64. Identify the internal structures Midsagittal4 1 2 3 4 5

65. Identify the Cavities Lateral Ventricle Third VentricleCerebral AqueductFourth Ventricle4 1 23 4