1. 1 Chemical Quantities Coach Williams Chemistry

2. 2 Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter n OBJECTIVES: –Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance.

3. 3 Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter n OBJECTIVES: –Calculate the mass of a mole of any substance.

4. 4 What is a Mole? What is a Mole? n You can measure mass, or volume, or you can count pieces. n We measure mass in grams. n We measure volume in liters. n We count pieces in MOLES.

5. 5 Moles (abbreviated: mol) n Defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. n 1 mole is 6.02 x 10 23 particles. n Treat it like a very large dozen n 6.02 x 10 23 is called Avogadro’s number.

6. 6 Representative particles n The smallest pieces of a substance. –For a molecular compound: it is the molecule. –For an ionic compound: it is the formula unit (ions). –For an element: it is the atom. »Remember the 7 diatomic elements (made of molecules)

7. 7 Types of questions n How many oxygen atoms in the following? –CaCO 3 –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 n How many ions in the following? –CaCl 2 –NaOH –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 12 3 3 2 5

8. 8 Types of questions using the equality; 1 mole = 6.02 x 10 23 n How many molecules of CO 2 are the in 4.56 moles of CO 2 ? n 4.56 mole x 6.02x10 23 mc = 1 1 mole 1 1 mole n How many moles of water is 5.87 x 10 22 molecules? n 5.87 x 10 22 mc x 1 mole = 1 6.02x10 23 mc 1 6.02x10 23 mc 2.75x10 24 mc 0.0975 mole

9. 9 Types of questions using the equality; 1 mole = 6.02 x 10 23 n How many atoms of carbon are there in 1.23 moles of C 6 H 12 O 6 ? n 1.23 moles x 6.02x10 23 mc x 6 atoms = 1 1 mole 1 mc 1 1 mole 1 mc n How many moles is 7.78 x 10 24 formula units of MgCl 2 ? 7.78x10 24 FU x 1 mole = 7.78x10 24 FU x 1 mole = 12.9 mole 1 6.02x10 24 FU 1 6.02x10 24 FU 4.44x10 24 atoms

10. 10 Measuring Moles n Remember relative atomic mass? n The amu was one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. n Since the mole is the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, n the decimal number on the periodic table is also the mass of 1 mole of those atoms in grams.

11. 11 Gram Atomic Mass (gam) n Equals the mass of 1 mole of an element in grams n 12.01 grams of C has the same number of pieces as 1.008 grams of H and 55.85 grams of iron. n We can write this as 12.01 g C = 1 mole C n We can count things by weighing them.

12. 12 Examples n How much would 2.34 moles of carbon weigh? n 2.34 moles C x 12 g C 1 1mole 1 1mole n How many moles of magnesium in 24.31 g of Mg? 24.31 g Mg x 1 mole 24.31 g Mg x 1 mole = 1 24g Mg 1 24g Mg = 28.08 g 1.013 mole

13. 13 n How many atoms of lithium in 1.00 g of Li? n 1.00 g Li x 1 mole x 6.02x1023 atoms 1 7 g Li 1 mole 1 7 g Li 1 mole n How much would 3.45 x 10 22 atoms of U weigh? n 3.45x1022 atoms U x 1 mole x 238 g U 1 6.02x1023atoms 1 mole 1 6.02x1023atoms 1 mole 8.60x10 22 atoms 13.6 g

14. 14 What about compounds? n in 1 mole of H 2 O molecules there are two moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O atoms n To find the mass of one mole of a compound –determine the moles of the elements they have –Find out how much they would weigh –add them up

15. 15 What about compounds? n What is the mass of one mole of CH 4 ? 1 mole of C = 12.0 g 4 mole of H x 1.0 g = 4.0g 1 mole CH 4 = 12.0 + 4.0 = 16.0g n The Gram Molecular Mass (gmm) of CH 4 is 16.0g –this is the mass of one mole of a molecular compound.

16. 16 Gram Formula Mass (gfm) n The mass of one mole of an ionic compound. n Calculated the same way as gmm. n What is the GFM of Fe 2 O 3 ? 2 moles of Fe x 55.9 g = 111.8 g 3 moles of O x 16.0 g = 48.0 g The GFM = 111.8 g + 48.0 g = 159.8 g

17. 17 Section 7.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships n OBJECTIVES: –Use the molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance.

18. 18 Section 7.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships n OBJECTIVES: –Use the mole to convert among measurements of mass, volume, and number of particles.

19. 19 Molar Mass n Molar mass is the generic term for the mass of one mole of any substance (in grams) n The same as: 1) gram molecular mass, 2) gram formula mass, and 3) gram atomic mass- just a much broader term.

20. 20 Examples n Calculate the molar mass of the following and tell what type it is: n Na 2 S nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4 nCnCnCnC n Ca(NO 3 ) 2 n C 6 H 12 O 6 n (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4

21. 21 Molar Mass n The number of grams of 1 mole of atoms, ions, or molecules. n We can make conversion factors from these. –To change grams of a compound to moles of a compound.

22. 22 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

23. 23 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

24. 24 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles

25. 25 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH

26. 26 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g

27. 27 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

28. 28 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

29. 29 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

30. 30 Examples n How many moles is 4.56 g of CO 2 ? n How many grams is 9.87 moles of H 2 O? n How many molecules is 6.8 g of CH 4 ? n 49 molecules of C 6 H 12 O 6 weighs how much?

31. 31 Gases n Many of the chemicals we deal with are gases. –They are difficult to weigh. n Need to know how many moles of gas we have. n Two things effect the volume of a gas –Temperature and pressure n We need to compare them at the same temperature and pressure.

32. 32 Standard Temperature and Pressure n 0ºC and 1 atm pressure n abbreviated STP n At STP 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L n Called the molar volume n 1 mole = 22.4 L of any gas at STP

33. 33 Examples n What is the volume of 4.59 mole of CO 2 gas at STP? n How many moles is 5.67 L of O 2 at STP? n What is the volume of 8.8 g of CH 4 gas at STP?

34. 34 Density of a gas n D = m / V –for a gas the units will be g / L n We can determine the density of any gas at STP if we know its formula. n To find the density we need the mass and the volume. n If you assume you have 1 mole, then the mass is the molar mass (from PT) n At STP the volume is 22.4 L.

35. 35 Examples n Find the density of CO 2 at STP. n Find the density of CH 4 at STP.

36. 36 The other way n Given the density, we can find the molar mass of the gas. n Again, pretend you have 1 mole at STP, so V = 22.4 L. n m = D x V n m is the mass of 1 mole, since you have 22.4 L of the stuff. n What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 1.964 g/L? n 2.86 g/L?

37. 37 Summary n These four items are all equal: a) 1 mole b) molar mass (in grams) c) 6.02 x 10 23 representative particles d) 22.4 L at STP Thus, we can make conversion factors from them.

38. 38 Section 7.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas n OBJECTIVES: –Calculate the percent composition of a substance from its chemical formula or experimental data.

39. 39 Section 7.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas n OBJECTIVES: –Derive the empirical formula and the molecular formula of a compound from experimental data.

40. 40 Calculating Percent Composition of a Compound n Like all percent problems: Part whole Part whole n Find the mass of each component, n then divide by the total mass. x 100 %

41. 41 Example n Calculate the percent composition of a compound that is 29.0 g of Ag with 4.30 g of S.

42. 42 Getting it from the formula n If we know the formula, assume you have 1 mole. n Then you know the mass of the pieces and the whole.

43. 43 Examples n Calculate the percent composittion of C 2 H 4 ? n How about Aluminum carbonate? –Sample Problem 7-11, p.191 n We can also use the percent as a conversion factor –Sample Problem 7-12, p.191

44. 44 The Empirical Formula n The lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound. n The molecular formula = the actual ratio of elements in a compound. n The two can be the same. n CH 2 is an empirical formula n C 2 H 4 is a molecular formula n C 3 H 6 is a molecular formula n H 2 O is both empirical & molecular

45. 45 Calculating Empirical n Just find the lowest whole number ratio n C 6 H 12 O 6 n CH 4 N n It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is also the ratio of moles of atoms. n In 1 mole of CO 2 there is 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen. n In one molecule of CO 2 there is 1 atom of C and 2 atoms of O.

46. 46 Calculating Empirical n We can get a ratio from the percent composition. n Assume you have a 100 g. n The percentages become grams. n Convert grams to moles. n Find lowest whole number ratio by dividing by the smallest.

47. 47 Example n Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 38.67 % C, 16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N. n Assume 100 g so n 38.67 g C x 1mol C = 3.220 mole C 12.01 gC n 16.22 g H x 1mol H = 16.09 mole H 1.01 gH n 45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.219 mole N 14.01 gN

48. 48 Example n The ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C 3.219 molN 1 mol N n The ratio is 16.09 mol H = 5 mol H 3.219 molN 1 mol N n = C 1 H 5 N 1 n A compound is 43.64 % P and 56.36 % O. What is the empirical formula? n Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H, 28.87% N and 16.49% O. What is its empirical formula?

49. 49 Empirical to molecular n Since the empirical formula is the lowest ratio, the actual molecule would weigh more. n By a whole number multiple. n Divide the actual molar mass by the empirical formula mass. n Caffeine has a molar mass of 194 g. what is its molecular formula?

50. 50 Example n A compound is known to be composed of 71.65 % Cl, 24.27% C and 4.07% H. Its molar mass is known (from gas density) to be 98.96 g. What is its molecular formula? n Sample Problem 7-14, p.194