1. Kingdom Plantae

2. All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs making food from sunlight through photosynthesis. All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs making food from sunlight through photosynthesis. There are, however, a few species that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs. There are, however, a few species that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. Primary consumers eat only plants. Primary consumers eat only plants.

3. A leaf is a broad flat organ that traps light energy for photosynthesis and exchanges gases through stomata. A leaf is a broad flat organ that traps light energy for photosynthesis and exchanges gases through stomata.

4. Leaf cell

5. Animal Cell

6. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and passes that energy into the stroma. Stroma contain enzymes that turn light energy into sugar and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. SUNLIGHT + 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Grana are stacks light trapping chlorophyll.

7. When we burn wood, basically the photosynthesis formula is reversed. We're breaking down the carbohydrate and producing carbon dioxide gas and water, plus energy, which, like sunlight, feels hot and looks bright.

8. Cuticle Cuticle – a protective waxy coating that prevents H 2 O in plant tissues from evaporating into the atmosphere.

9. Within the cuticle are stomata Within the cuticle are stomata that allow exchange of gases. Guard cells open and close pores in the stomata to release O 2 into the atmosphere and take in CO 2.

10. Root – a plant organ that anchors the plant in soil and absorbs H 2 O and minerals from soil transporting them to the stem.

12. A root cell’s job is to take water and nutrients from the soil and send them up to the part of the plant above the ground.

13. When there is no water in the soil for the plant, it looses turgor pressure (wilts).

14. The stem is the plant’s structural support for upright growth containing tissues to transport H 2 O, minerals, and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. The stem is the plant’s structural support for upright growth containing tissues to transport H 2 O, minerals, and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. may also store food. Stems may also store food. Green stems carry on photosynthesis. Green stems carry on photosynthesis.

16. Plant Vascular Tissues Xylem Xylem – made up of a series of dead tubular cells that transport H 2 O and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves. Phloem – made up of a series of living tubular cells that transport sugars from leaves to all parts of the plant.

19. Plant Tropisms Plant Tropisms Phototrophism - growth toward light Phototrophism - growth toward light

22. Plant Tropisms Plant Tropisms Gravitropism – downward growth of roots Gravitropism – downward growth of roots

23. Plant Tropisms Plant Tropisms - Thigmotropism – plants response when it comes into contact with a solid object.

25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3Oj2er-91s

26. What is hydrotropism?

29. Alternation of Generations Sexual reproduction involves the two alternating processes of meiosis and fertilization. Sexual reproduction involves the two alternating processes of meiosis and fertilization. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number.meiosisdiploidhaploidmeiosisdiploidhaploid In fertilization, the nuclei of two gametes fuse, raising the chromosome number from haploid to diploid. In fertilization, the nuclei of two gametes fuse, raising the chromosome number from haploid to diploid.

30. In most plants meiosis and fertilization divide the life of the organism into two distinct phases or "generations". In most plants meiosis and fertilization divide the life of the organism into two distinct phases or "generations". The gametophyte generation begins with a spore produced by meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all the cells derived from it (by mitosis) are also haploid. In due course, this multicellular structure produces gametes — by mitosis — and sexual reproduction then produces the diploid sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation begins with a spore produced by meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all the cells derived from it (by mitosis) are also haploid. In due course, this multicellular structure produces gametes — by mitosis — and sexual reproduction then produces the diploid sporophyte generation.

31. In fact, the gametophyte generation is the major stage in the life of mosses and an independent plant in ferns. In fact, the gametophyte generation is the major stage in the life of mosses and an independent plant in ferns. However, the gametophyte is only an inconspicuous structure in angiosperms and other "higher" plants. However, the gametophyte is only an inconspicuous structure in angiosperms and other "higher" plants.

33. The sporophyte generation produces spores (diploid) which develop into the gametophyte generation. The sporophyte generation produces spores (diploid) which develop into the gametophyte generation. The gametophyte generation produces gametes (haploid). The gametophyte generation produces gametes (haploid). In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant. In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant. In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte. In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte.

34. Vegetative Reproduction………………. ……………is asexual

36. Division Bryophyta – mosses, liverworts, hornworts. All are non- vascular and non-seed. Division Bryophyta – mosses, liverworts, hornworts. All are non- vascular and non-seed.

37. Division Lycophyta - Club Mosses – vascular and non-seed.

38. Division Pterophyta whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns vascular and non-seed.

39. Seed Bearing Plants

40. Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds on scales of woody strobili called cones. Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds on scales of woody strobili called cones.

41. In other words, they have naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in a fruit. In other words, they have naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in a fruit.

42. The four divisions of Gymnosperms are: The four divisions of Gymnosperms are: Cycadophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta Coniferophyta

43. Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones. Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones. All cycads have separate male and female plants. All cycads have separate male and female plants.

44. Division Ginkgophyta. Division Ginkgophyta has only on living species – Ginkgo biloba. The leaves are lobed. Like Cycads, Ginkgos have separate male and female trees.

46. Division Gnetophyta has 3 genera: Division Gnetophyta has 3 genera: Gnetum Gnetum Ephedra Ephedra Welwitschia Welwitschia

48. Coniferophyta is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms. Coniferophyta is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms. Most are evergreen – keeping their leaves year-round. Most are evergreen – keeping their leaves year-round. A very few are deciduous – dropping all of their leaves at A very few are deciduous – dropping all of their leaves at the same time

50. Angiosperms include one division - Anthophyta

51. Though there is only one division of angiosperms, Anthophyta …. Though there is only one division of angiosperms, Anthophyta …. It is the largest and most diverse group of seed plants on Earth. It is the largest and most diverse group of seed plants on Earth. Anthophytes produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruit. Anthophytes produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruit. Anthophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials. Anthophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.

52. What is an annual? What is an annual? What is a biennial? What is a biennial? What is a perennial? What is a perennial?

54. Male Gametophyte Male Gametophyte

55. Female Gametophyte Female Gametophyte

56. What is the purpose of fruit?

58. Seeds can be dispersed in a variety of ways: Seeds can be dispersed in a variety of ways: Wind Wind Passing through an animals digestive system Passing through an animals digestive system Catching on fur or skin Catching on fur or skin Floating on water Floating on water

59. Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms …. Monocots and Dicots

60. Possible Advantages to Alternation of Generations Amplification of the sexual product because it produces many spores. Possibly useful in an environment where limited water availability for successful fertilization limits the number of successful zygotes.

62. Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial Environment Separation of absorbtive organs (roots) and photosynthetic organs (leaves) Waterproof cuticle Stomata Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Structural support tissues (cellulose and lignin) Species dispersal (spores and seeds)

63. Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial Environment Protection of gametes in gametangiaProtection of gametes in gametangia Fertilization in the absence of free water (pollen tubes instead of swimming sperm)Fertilization in the absence of free water (pollen tubes instead of swimming sperm) Zygote and sporophyte embryo protected and nurtured by gametophyteZygote and sporophyte embryo protected and nurtured by gametophyte

64. Why were adaptations necessary for plants to become terrestrial ? Why were adaptations necessary for plants to become terrestrial ? What were the adaptations? What were the adaptations? What is the general term for growth tissue of plants? What is the general term for growth tissue of plants? Describe the two patterns of growth in seed plants? Describe the two patterns of growth in seed plants? Describe the two types of cambium? Describe the two types of cambium?