1. 1. What type of weathering caused the rock to break? 2. What type of weathering caused the formation of the stalactites and the stalagmites? 3. What type of weathering caused the rocks to break? 4.What is happening in the picture? 5.How can you prevent this? Mechanical weathering Ice-wedging, freeze thaw Chemical weathering Rock chemically changing Mechanical weathering Tree root getting bigger Mechanical weathering, Wind erosion Planting trees

2. What Makes Up Healthy Soil? Mineral fragments, humus, air, water, and living things –Plant roots, Insects, Worms Humus –Organic Material –Can support the growth of vegetation Parent rock –source of mineral fragments in the soil

3. Soil Formation Soil starts out as rock The surface rocks break down into smaller pieces and is mixed with organic matter. Over time this creates a thin layer of soil. Decaying matter makes the soil thick and rich

5. Soil Texture The soil’s quality is based on the proportions of soil particles. Soil texture affects –Consistency: soil’s ability to be broken up. –Infiltration: ability of water to move through soil.

6. Sizes of Weathered Rock That Make Up Soil

7. Different Types of Soil Every soil type is a mixture of sand, silt, clay. The right mixture is called loam. Loam = 40% sand 40 % silt 20 % clay

8. What is a Soil horizon? O Litter from dead plants and animals A –Topsoil E –Zone of intense leaching. B –Collects dissolved substances from upper horizons C –Weathered bedrock R –Bedrock

9. Tropical Climate Very rich humus. Very little topsoil –Leeching of nutrients from topsoil to horizon B and C. –Plants demand a lot of nutrients.

10. Desert Climate Deserts get less than 25 cm rain a year. Slow rate of weathering = Slow rate of soil formation. Due to no water, salt gathers in the ground. Salt is toxic to plants!

11. Temperate Climate Lots of weathering = lots of fertile soil Most productive soil in the world. Most of Continental USA has a temperate climate.

12. Arctic Climate Very cold desert = Slow rate of soil formation. Low amount of humus due to cold temperatures. Cold temperatures slow down decomposition.

13. Triggers of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements  The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is called mass movement.  Among the factors that commonly trigger mass movements are saturation of surface materials with water, oversteepening of slopes, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes.

14. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements  Geologists classify mass movements based on the kind of material that moves, how it moves, and the speed of movement.  Rockfalls A rockfall occurs when rocks or rocks fragments fall freely through the air.

15. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements Slides that include segments of bedrock are called rockslides.  Slides In a slide, a block of material moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface.  Slumps A slump is the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface.

16. Heavy Rains Can Trigger Slumps

17. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements Mudflows move quickly and carry a mixture of soil, rock, and water that has a consistency of wet concrete.  Flows Flows are mass movements of material containing a large amount of water. Earthflows move relatively slowly and carry clay-rich sediment.

18. Types of Mass Movements 5.3 Mass Movements  Creep Creep is the slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith.

19. Creep

20. Mass Movements Landslides, mudslides, slump and creep landslide clip.mpeg

21. DefinitionVocabulary Word 1 Breaks down rock and changes the rock composition 2 The movement of rock materials 3 Rain or snow containing high concentration of acids 4 The material that causes the Most amount or weathering 5 Breaking down rock without changing the composition 6 Acids produced by lichens breaking down rock 7 Water freezing and thawing to break rocks 8 Iron becoming rust 9 Breaking down rock into smaller pieces 10 The force(s) that causes erosion Weathering Mechanical weathering Chemical weathering Physical weathering Erosion Acid precipitation Ice wedging Wind Water Ice Gravity Chemical weathering Erosion Acid precipitation Water Mechanical/Physical weathering Chemical weathering Ice wedging Chemical weathering Weathering Wind, Water, Ice, Gravity

22. Vocabulary Writing on mini white board I give the definition, you write the vocabulary word on the mini-board. Example DefinitionVocabulary Word The process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces.

23. DefinitionVocabulary Word Breaking down rock without changing the rock composition

24. DefinitionVocabulary Word Rain or snow that contains high concentration of acids

25. DefinitionVocabulary Word The movement of rock particles from one place to another

26. DefinitionVocabulary Word Water freezing and expanding to break rock

27. DefinitionVocabulary Word Breaking down rock by chemically changing the rock composition

28. DefinitionVocabulary Word Iron becoming rust is an example of this type of weathering

29. DefinitionVocabulary Word The thing that causes the greatest amount of weathering and erosion

30. DefinitionVocabulary Word Acids produced by lichens to break down rock is an example of this type of weathering

31. DefinitionVocabulary Word The forces that can cause weathering and/or erosion

32. Look at each picture and decide if it is an example or chemical weathering or mechanical weathering Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or Use white board: And write Ch Chemical M Mechanical

33. Ice Wedging Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

34. The rocks have changed to Stalagmites and Stalactites Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or Stalactites Stalagmites

35. Ice Wedging Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

36. The iron in the soil is rusting (changing) Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

37. Tree roots expanding Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

38. The iron nails are rusting (changing) Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

39. “Dust Bowl” Wind weathering and erosion Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

40. “Lichens” growing on the rock and changing the surface Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or Brown area

41. Both chemical and mechanical: Tree roots, water, acid, everything Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or

42. The metal is rusting (changing) Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering or