2. 2 To support the erect posture better, the femora are oblique, directed inferomedially within the thighs. So, when standing the knees are adjacent and placed directly inferior to the trunk. To support the erect posture better, the femora are oblique, directed inferomedially within the thighs. So, when standing the knees are adjacent and placed directly inferior to the trunk.

3. Superior (proximal) end of the femur Head Neck 2 trochanters Greater & Lesser intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle fovea for the ligament of head Head Neck 2 trochanters Greater & Lesser intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle fovea for the ligament of head

4. 4 The body of the femur is slightly bowed (convex) anteriorly. Femur has 3 surfaces @ the 1/3 middle part: 1) Anterior 2) Medial (Posteromedial) 3) Lateral (Posterolateral) Femur has 4 surfaces @ 1/3 upper part & 1/3 inferior part: 1) Anterior 2) Posterior 3) Medial 4) Lateral.

5. 5 The body has medial, lateral, and posterior borders more prominent in the middle. The medial and lateral borders are rounded, whereas the posterior border forms a broad roughened crest-the linea aspera.

6. 6 Collodiaphysial angle Between femur’s body and neck Between femur’s body and neck While connecting with body, the neck projects inferiorly-posteriorly & laterally. 125-130° between the longitudinal axis of femur’s body and neck of femur 90-130° in women pelvis is wider in women pelvis is wider in women. The orientation of the neck relative to the body increases the range of movement of the hip joint. wider in children. decreases over the years through life.

7. Superior (proximal) end of the femur Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Pectineal line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Pectineal line

8. Superior (proximal) end of the femur Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Medial and lateral condyles Medial and lateral epicondyles Medial and lateral femoral condyles Patellar surface

9. PATELLA (Knee cap) Its posterior surface articulates with the femur. It has medial and lateral facets. They slope away from a raised smooth ridge. The lateral facet is larger than the medial facet for articulation with the larger corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the femur.

10. Proximal end of tibia widens to form mediallateral condyles (1,2) medial & lateral condyles (1,2) tibial plateau (3) flat superior articular surface tibial plateau (3) articular surfaces separated by intercondylar eminence (4) formed by 2 intercondylar tubercles medial and lateral (5,6) flanked by relatively rough anterior and posterior intercondylar areas (7,8) widens to form mediallateral condyles (1,2) medial & lateral condyles (1,2) tibial plateau (3) flat superior articular surface tibial plateau (3) articular surfaces separated by intercondylar eminence (4) formed by 2 intercondylar tubercles medial and lateral (5,6) flanked by relatively rough anterior and posterior intercondylar areas (7,8) Anterolateral view of left tibia 4 5 6

11. Body of tibia The tibial body is thinnest at the junction of its middle and distal thirds. Body has 3 surfaces and 3 margins. 1)Medial surface 2)Lateral surface 3)Posterior surface 1) Anterior margin (L.margo) 2) Medial margin 3) Interosseus margin

12. The body of the fibula is twisted. It is marked by the sites of muscular attachments. Just like tibia it has three margins (borders). Anterior, interosseous, and posterior margins (borders) Fibula also has three surfaces. Medial, posterior and lateral surfaces. The posterior surface is the widest one. It is between the interosseous and posterior margins.

13. 13 Trochlea of talus superior surface of body of talus between lateral malleolus (of fibula) and the medial malleolus (of tibia) receives the body weight from tibia. In turn, talus transmits the body weight dividing it between calcaneus and forefoot.

14. Anterior articular talar surface (Facies articularis talaris anterior) is located anterior to the facies articularis talaris posterior. Middle articular talar surface (Facies articularis talaris media) is located on the sustentaculum tali.

15. 15

16. 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal

17. A typical vertebra consists of A Vertebral body A Vertebral body A Vertebral arch A Vertebral arch 7 processes 7 processes 1 2 3-4 5-6 7

18. (Incisura vertebralis) Vertebral notches (Incisura vertebralis) Indentations observed in lateral views of the vertebrae Superior and inferior to each pedicle Between the superior and inferior articular processes posteriorly Between the corresponding projections of the body anteriorly.

19. 1)Smallest of the 24 movable vertebrae 2) Relatively larger intervertebral discs discs are thin, but relative to their small size; thick. 1)Smallest of the 24 movable vertebrae 2) Relatively larger intervertebral discs discs are thin, but relative to their small size; thick. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 3) Greatest range & variety of movement of all the vertebral regions 4) foramen transversarium in the transverse process

20. No body No spinous process Widest of the cervical vertebrae superior articular surfaces of the lateral masses occipital condyles The kidney-shaped, concave superior articular surfaces of the lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles.

21. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE articulation with ribs. 1) Bilateral costal demifacets 1) Bilateral costal demifacets on the vertebral bodies heads of ribs for articulation with heads of ribs 2) Costal facets on the transverse processes tubercles of ribs for articulation with tubercles of ribs 1) Bilateral costal demifacets 1) Bilateral costal demifacets on the vertebral bodies heads of ribs for articulation with heads of ribs 2) Costal facets on the transverse processes tubercles of ribs for articulation with tubercles of ribs

22. FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE articulation with ribs. Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae 3) Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae extend vertically articular facets with paired, nearly coronally oriented articular facets define an arc. greatest degree of rotation is permitted here! Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae 3) Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae extend vertically articular facets with paired, nearly coronally oriented articular facets define an arc. greatest degree of rotation is permitted here!

23. 4) Heart-shaped bodies 5) Long, inferiorly slanting spinous processes 4) Heart-shaped bodies 5) Long, inferiorly slanting spinous processes FEATURES TYPICAL FOR THORACIC VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE

24. 1 COMPLETE SUP. COSTAL FACET NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET 1 COMPLETE COSTAL FACET NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET NO COSTAL FACET ON TRANSVERSE PROCESS NO COSTAL FACET ON TRANSVERSE PROCESS

25. 1)massive bodies 2)transverse processes project posterosuperiorly as well as laterally. 3)mammillary processes & accessory processes FEATURES TYPICAL FOR LUMBAR VERTEBRAE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

26. A CRANIAL SHIFT A cervical rib articulates with C7 Rib 12 is small. L5 partially "sacralized". S5 partially freed B Common arrangement C CAUDAL SHIFT Rib 12 is large. A small lumbar rib is present. S1 partially "lumbarized". Co1 is incorporated into the sacrum

27. First rib (L. Costa prima) Broadest/Widest, most sharply curved rib and shortest of the 7 true ribs Nearly horizontal Has a small head. The articular surface @ head is not divided into two parts by a ridge (crest). The head articulates with T1 vertebra only. Has two transverse grooves crossing its superior surface for the subclavian vesses. There is a tubercle separating the grooves: Scalene tubercle (L.tuberculum musculi scalenis anterioris). Sulcus arteria subclaviae is posterior to the scalene tubercle. Sulcus venae subclaviae is anterior to the scalene tubercle. There is no costal groove (sulcus costae) in the inferior surface. Its inferior surface is smooth.

28. Second rib (L. Costa secunda) Curved as the first rib, but approximately two times longer than the first rib Thinner than the first rib. Has a small head and a round neck. Around the centre of the lateral surface there is an elevation: Tuberosity for serratus anterior [muscle] (L. tuberositaas musculi serratus anterioris). Has a costal groove, but short and shallow.

29. 10 th rib (L. Costa decima) The head of rib has only 1 articular surface.

30. 11 th -12 th ribs (L. Costa undecima, Costa duodecima) Have a large articular surface on the heads, not divided by a crest (crista). Just like the first rib, they articulate with one single vertebra. They have no neck of rib or tubercle of rib. 11 th rib has a small angle, and a shallow costal groove. 12 th rib has no angle and costal groove.

31. 1)Manubrium 2)Body 3)Xiphoid process

42. FeatureMale pelvisFemale pelvis General Structure Thick & Heavy Thin & Light Greater pelvis Deep Shallow Lesser pelvis Narrow and deep, tapering Wide and shallow, cylindirical Pelvic inletHeart-shaped, narrowOval and rounded, wide Pelvic outletComparatively smallComparatively large Ischial spines Project further medially into the pelvic cavity Do not project as far medially into the pelvic cavity & smooth

43. FeatureMale pelvisFemale pelvis Obturator foramen RoundOval AcetabulumLargeSmall Greater schiatic notch Narrow, inverted V (approximately 70 degrees) Almost 90 degrees Subpubic angle Smaller (50-60 degrees) Larger (80-85 degrees) Sacral promontory ProminentNot prominent

44. Diagonal conjugate (from inferior pubic lig. to promontory) sacral promontory inferior margin of the pubic symphysis Measured by palpating sacral promontory with the tip of the middle finger, using the other hand to mark the level of the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis on the examining hand. After the examining hand is withdrawn, the distance between the tip of the index finger (1.5 cm shorter than the middle finger) and the marked level of the pubic symphysis is measured to estimate the true conjugate, which should be 11.0 cm or greater.