1. Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System Osteology = Study of bones and teeth ***Things you should know*** 1. The Five Functions of the Skeleton 2. Bone composition 3. Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton 4. Five Types of Bone and where they are found 5. Anatomy of a long bone 6. Naming bones and bone markings 7. Bone formation 8. Epiphyseal plates and lines 9. Types of Fractures

2. Characteristics of the Skeleton  206 bones  Hard and rigid but somewhat elastic  Highly resistant to tension and compression

3. Role of the Skeleton  Protection - protects delicate parts of the body (brain, heart and lungs)  Framework – skeleton offers structural support and supports soft tissues such as muscle  Attachments for muscles – muscles attach to bones by tendons; muscles contract and move bones to facilitate movement  Storehouse for essential nutrients – provides a reservoir body and be called upon in order to regulate the level of Ca, P, Mg, Na  Blood-cell formation – blood cells and platelets are made in bones

4. About Bone …  Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material  Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine  Bound by joints (through ligaments)  Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement

5. Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton  The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones:  Spine, skull, rib cage  Protects internal structures  Origin of muscles  The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones:  Arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdle  Key role in movement  Insertion of most muscles Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones

6. Five Types of Bones  Long  Found in arms and legs  Short  Found in wrists and ankles  Flat  Bones of the skull  Irregular  Bones of the vertebrae  Sesamoid  Wrapped within tendons (patella)

7. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Human Skeleton Anterior view

8. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Human Skeleton Posterior view

9. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Skull – Anterior View Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Maxilla Nasal bone Mandible Zygomatic bone

10. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Skull – Lateral View Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla External auditory meatus Mastoid process Nuchal line Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Mandible

11. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Vertebral Column – Lateral View Atlas Axis Seventh cervical vertebra Intervertebral disk Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacrum Coccyx Cervical region Thoracic region Lumbar region Sacral and coccygeal region

12. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book. Thoracic Cage – Anterior View Seven true ribs Three false ribs Two floating ribs Xiphoid process Body Manubrium Sternum First thoracic vertebra

13. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Thoracic Cage – Posterior View Clavicle Scapula

14. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Scapula – Anterior View Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle

15. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Scapula – Lateral View Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Glenoid fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Lateral border Inferior angle

16. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Scapula – Posterior View Coracoid process Acromion process Scapular notch Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Scapular spine Medial border

17. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Humerus – Anterior View Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular (bicipital) groove Shaft Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Head Deltoid tuberosity

18. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Humerus – Posterior View Shaft Lateral epicondyle Trochlea Head Deltoid tuberosity Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle

19. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Ulna – Anterior View Olecranon Trochlear (semilunar) notch Radial notch of ulna Olecranon process Coronoid process Ulna tuberosity Styloid process of ulna

20. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Radius – Anterior View Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius

21. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Left Hand – Anterior View Ulna Scaphoid bone Lunate bone Triquetrum bone Pisiform bone Carpals (proximal) Metacarpals Phalanges (Digits) Radius Hamate bone Capitate bone Trapezoid bone Trapezium bone Carpals (distal) Sesamoid bone Proximal phalax (of thumb) Distal phalanx (of thumb) Proximal phalanx (of finger) Middle phalanx (of finger) Distal phalanx (of finger)

22. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Pelvis (Male) – Anterior View Sacrum Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Crest of ilium Ilium Pubis Ischium Superior ramis of pubis Inferior ramis of pubis Os coxae

23. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book. Pelvis (Male) – Posterior View Fifth lumbar vertebra Coccyx Sacrum Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity

24. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Right Femur – Anterior View Neck Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Shaft Adductor tubercle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar groove Medial epicondyle Head

25. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Right Femur – Posterior View Head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Intertrochanteric crest Shaft

26. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Tibia Medial malleolus Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle of tibia Head Fibula Lateral malleolus Medial condyle of tibia Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity

27. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Right Foot – Superior View Calcaneus Talus Cuboid Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Tarsals Metatarsals Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal phalanx (of great toe) Distal phalanx (of great toe) Phalanges (Digits)