1. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security Sector Reform and Peace Support Operations 1 -2 May 2014

2. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT DCAF - International Security Sector Advisory Team ISSAT provides four core services to its Governing Board members : – Advisory Field Support – Training Support – Knowledge Services – Advocacy and outreach In all of its activity areas ISSAT seeks to reinforce and develop members’ capacity, it does not replace it.

3. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Agenda - SSR and PSO THURSDAY: Introduction to SSR & SSR in post-conflict contexts PSO/SSR: Stabilisation and creating the conditions for success Overview of SSR and Governance DDR - At the heart of a Peace Process Burundi case study - brief introduction FRIDAY: Recap Day 1 and Q/A Session Burundi case study: – Country brief – Exercise: group work; group presentations/discussion in plenary Concluding session

4. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT An Introduction to Security Sector Reform

5. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT A new concept of security Traditional Security Security beneficiaries State and individuals within the State State Focus on Military Security (Cold War Legacy) Focus on Military and Non-Military Security Military, Political and Economic, Social, Environmental and Human Security Security providers New Security Agenda

6. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Why is security important? Security is fundamental to reducing poverty, protecting human rights and supporting sustainable development. Security and development are inherently linked. Security for whom? Security of states and security of people are not the same thing but are mutually dependant. Insecurity in one country can have a significant impact on neighbouring countries and beyond.

7. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security sector There is neither one definition nor one standard architecture for the security sector… …however, various definitions (AU, ECOWAS, EU, OECD, some Member States, the UN…) converge around a similar understanding…

8. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security Sector State providers Non-state providers State oversight Non-state oversight State providers Non-state providers State oversight Non-state oversight SECURITY AND JUSTICE PROVIDERS GOVERNANCE, OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BODIES STATE NON-STATE

9. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security sector actors Non-state security providers – Private military and security companies – Unofficial armed groups (militias, factions) – Self-defense groups – Other informal security providers (customary) Non-state justice providers – Defense lawyers – Legal aid bodies – Victim support groups – Informal justice providers (customary) STATE SECURITY AND JUSTICE PROVIDERS GOVERNANCE OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BODIES Civil society actors – Human rights NGOs and victims groups – Media – Unions – Academic and research institutions – Religious groups Electorate Village elders Citizens State security providers – Armed forces – Law enforcement agencies – Intelligence and secret services – Border and customs services State justice providers – Courts (civil and military) – Prosecutions service – Correction service – Bar association Governance and oversight – Legal framework – Legislature/parliamentary committees – Political oversight – Human rights institutions – Anti-corruption bodies Management: ministries of justice, interior and defence NON-STATE

10. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security Sector Reform (SSR) Security sector reform … is critical to the consolidation of peace and stability, promoting poverty reduction, rule of law and good governance, extending legitimate state authority, and preventing countries from relapsing into conflict” (UN Security Council, 2007). “…its about making people safe (reality) …..and also feel safe (perception)…”

11. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Security sector reform (SSR) It is broadly accepted that SSR is a nationally owned process aimed at ensuring that security providers are: accountable to the State and its people; effective, efficient and affordable; respectful of international norms, standards and human rights; legitimate.

12. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Key Characteristics of SSR 1 2 3 fundamental approach core objectives essential dimensions Local ownership Local ownership Effectiveness Accountability Political Holistic Technical

13. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Local ownership The temptation for donors is to drive processes – Believe in universal applicability of own models – Political agendas of donors – Slow pace of reform and change – Presence of spoilers and other “difficult” actors – Short funding cycles Local ownership of SSR – Strengthens institutional legitimacy – Ensures buy-in and makes SSR sustainable – Ensures that SSR responds to local needs Principal role of donors is, therefore, to – Support SSR processes and… – Build local capacity (state and civil society) Donors do not DO but SUPPORT SSR! ONE FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH Local ownership Local ownership

14. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Accountability and Effectiveness Common objectives of SSR: – OECD: delivery and governance – UN: effectiveness and accountability – EU: functioning and governance Seek balance in promoting both objectives – Just effectiveness: not SSR – Just accountability: not SSR TWO CORE OBJECTIVES Effectiveness Accountability

15. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Political sensitivity SSR is highly political because … – Power and sovereignty – Use of force – Status and income – Resources and privileges – A society’s values: freedom, rights, security – A country’s political system and architecture A political process that produces winners and losers THREE ESSENTIAL DIMENSIONS Political Holistic Technical

16. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Holistic nature Other Human Rights Gender Financial Management PEOPLE National Security and Justice Strategy STATE Cross-cutting issues Executive, judicial and parliamentary oversight Public oversight Defence Police Intelligence Prosecutors Courts Other Private security companies Customary security and justice providers THREE ESSENTIAL DIMENSIONS Holistic Political Technical Security and justice needs

17. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Technical complexity Thematic competence : – Policing, defence, disaster response and rescue, intelligence, corrections, border management, justice, penitentiary administration… Knowledge of organisation management/systems: – Management, budget, IT, personnel, logistics… Knowledge of ethics and integrity systems: – Human rights, gender, governance, internal discipline... Process management skills: – Fundraising, planning reporting, writing reports, coordination, change management… Political experience – Diplomacy, political negotiation, advocacy... THREE ESSENTIAL DIMENSIONS Holistic Technical Political

18. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Remember Human security is at the heart of SSR Security and Development are closely linked. No security – no development! Bottom Line – Security is fundamental to Peoples’ well being SSR in a Nutshell: 1 – 2 – 3

19. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT From concept to practice

20. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT SSR is contextual Every reform context is different, no one-size-fits-all SSR solutions SSR principles don’t change but other factors do: – Political and legal factors – Economic factors – Social factors – Technology – Environment – Security – Regional SSR has to be tailored to the needs and opportunities of a specific context

21. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Context of SSR Post conflict society – Liberia, Burundi, Timor Leste, DRC Post-authoritarian society/democratic transition – Eastern Europe Fragile state – Guinea Bissau, CAR Low and middle income country – Mozambique, Uganda and Jamaica But also in donor countries… – USA, United Kingdom, New Zealand…

22. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT When is SSR undertaken? As stipulated in a peace agreement Following the issuance of a mandate by the UN Security Council or General Assembly During a political transition – Before elections – After elections At the request of the nation concerned As a result of donor interest As part of routine national security reviews

23. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Who supports SSR? 23  The bulk of SSR support comes from bilaterals, in particular Canada, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK, and USA.  A number of intergovernmental bodies are also engaged, in differing degrees. These include:  AU and ECOWAS  EU and CEC  NATO  OECD DAC  OSCE  SP-SEE  World Bank  National actors contribute directly to their own reform with funding from national budgets.  NGOs, international and national provide significant support.  The UN plays a key role, but is a relatively small, albeit growing, player. Bilaterals National Gvt Intergov. bodies UN NGOs PMCs  Private Military and Security Companies are increasing utilised to support SSR. UN

24. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT SSR in contexts affect by conflict

25. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT SSR in contexts affected by conflict Contextual factors Political volatility Insecurity and impunity Socio-economic deficits Multiple donors & supporters Complexity of processes Institutional Factors Structural collapse Institutional fluidity Informal & arbitrary decision making Legacy of the conflict Gender and conflict

26. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT NormalisationTransitionStagnationEscalation Multiplicity of processes Intensity Time Violence Humanitarian Refugees/ IDPs Peacekeeping DDR SSR Trans. justice Devel. Aid Elections U.N. Security Council Resolution DDR and rebel integration in security institution Donors Conference

27. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Post-conflict implications on SSR (examples) Post-conflict factorsImplications on SSR Political Lack of strong democratic institutions Challenges in providing civilian oversight over security forces Economic SanctionsLack of funds for engaging in SSR Social Polarised societyLacks inclusiveness Trust deficit in process marginalised communities Institutional Lack of legal framework for engagement Legitimacy of SSR process

28. Session 1 © DCAF/ISSAT Remember Do not engage in projects for which the conditions are not met Promote – Certainty – Formality – Visibility – Trust – Civic empowerment