1. Ch. 13 The Anatomy Of The Nervous System … Ch. 14 The Somatic Nervous System …

2. II. Brain (Ch12, Ch13 pp. Ch14 pp. 635-638) A.Basic Parts & Organization B.Ventricles C.Cerebrum 1.Gross Anatomy Basics a.Definitions b.5 Lobes c.Sulci & Gyri 2. Cerebral Cortex a.Description b.General Concepts c.Motor Regions d.Sensory Regions e.Sensory Association Regions 3. White Matter a.Parts that connect the Hemispheres and other regions b. Tracts Medial Lemniscus 4.Subcortical Nuclei - Basal Nuclei … 5. Multimodal Association Areas

3. D.Diencephalon pp. 530- 531; 1.Thalamus 2.Hypothalamus 3.Epithalamus E.Brain Stem 1.Midbrain 2.Pons 3.Medulla Oblongata F. Cranial Reflexes G.Cerebellum pp. 532-533; 603-604; H.Functional Brain Systems 1.Limbic System 2.Reticular Activating System G.Circulation in the CNS H.Protection of the Brain 1.Meninges 2.Cerebrospinal Fluid 3.Blood-Brain Barrier I. Circulation and the CNS K. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain– Disorders

4. II. Brain A.Basic Parts & Organization 1. Main Parts a. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) b. Diencephalon c. Brain stem d. Cerebellum 2. Organization: a. White & Grey Matter b. Ventricles c. Meninges

5. B. Ventricles (pp. 540-543) Continuous Connection: Cells Lined w/: Ependymal Names: Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Lateral aperture (b) Left lateral view Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct (a) Anterior view Fourth ventricle Central canal 2 of these. Brain …

6. B. Ventricles … Interventricular Foramen: Cerebral Aqueduct: Septum Pellucidum: Lateral Apertures: Medial Aperture: Lateral Apertures Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Lateral aperture (b) Left lateral view Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct (a) Anterior view Fourth ventricle Central canal 2 of these. Brain … Median Aperture

7. Figure 12.6d Left cerebral hemisphere Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Brain stem (d)

8. Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Right cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Longitudinal fissure Posterior (c) Anterior

9. C. Cerebrum (pp. 524-529; 592-597; 599-601; ) 1. Gross Anatomy (pp. 524-527) a. Parts of Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral White Matter Basal Nuclei

10. C. Cerebrum … (a)

11. C. Cerebrum … Grey Matter c. Sulci & Gyri i) Definition  Location:  Cerebral Hemispheres:  Gyri =  Sulci =  Fissures:

12. Sulci & Gyri … ii) Specific Sulci & Gyri  Central sulcus  Post- & Precentral Gyri  Longitudinal fissure  Transverse cerebral fissure PLAY Animation: Rotatable brain Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Lateral sulcus Transverse cerebral fissure Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Longitudinal Fissure

13. ii) Specific Sulci & Gyri … ∙ Lateral Sulcus ∙ Parieto-occipital Sulcus ∙ Superior Temporal Gyrus - Auditory *Calcarine Sulcus - in occipital Lobe, Visual area PLAY Animation: Rotatable brain Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Lateral sulcus Transverse cerebral fissure Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Parietal lobe Postcentral gyrus

14. Cerebrum … 2. Cerebral Cortex (pp. 524-530 ) = a. Description - Location - Thickness: - General Function 1) Wrinkles: 2) Cell Bodies of Interneurons:

15. b. Generalized Concepts * i) 3 Functional Areas (p. 527) Motor areas Sensory areas Association areas: Sensory & Multimodal Gustatory cortex (in insula) Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Prefrontal cortex Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

16. 2. Cerebral Cortex … ii) Hemisphere functions (p. 530) Cerebral Dominance: Hemispheres control opposite side of body Lateralization: Left Right iii) Consciousness:

17. C. Cerebral Hemispheres … 2. Cerebral Cortex … Motor Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex-- details c. Motor Areas (pp. 526, 527; 599-601) Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

18. SLIDE 16 MOTOR AREAS– defined by function and some structural features i) Primary Motor Cortex Location: Function: Type Cells: Tract: Motor Homunculus: Toes Swallowing Tongue Jaw Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Motor Motor map in precentral gyrus Posterior Anterior

19. c. Motor Areas … ii)Premotor cortex Functions 1) 2) iii)Broca’s area Function: Lateralized to: (*Wernicke’s Area in Posterior Association Area communicates with Broca’s area) iv)Frontal eye field Functions Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Central sulcus Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

20. Cerebral Cortex … d. Sensory Areas: (pp. 526; 527, 592 “Cortical Processing”-597) Each Area inputs a particular type(s) of sensation and each has a separate Association Area for processing sensations i) Primary Somatosensory Cortex: - Functions: Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

21. Sensory Areas … i) Primary Somatosensory Cortex … Location: Somatosensory homunculus Genitals Intra- abdominal Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Sensory Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Posterior Anterior

22. Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex Sensory Areas … ii)Primary Visual Cortex: Location: *Calcarine Sulcus (next slide) in medial occipital lobe Information from Optic nerves  Optic Chiasm (where some fibers cross over)  Optic Tracts iii)Primary Auditory Cortex: iv)Primary Olfactory: Cortex -Location: -Information from: Olfactory Tract and it from Olfactory Bulbs Deep

23. Calcarine Sulcus

24. v) * Gustatory Cortex: Cortex for taste sensations; in Insula vi) * Visceral sensory area: Organ sensations; in Insula vii) Vestibular cortex: Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Primary sensory cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex d. Sensory Areas …

25. Primary motor cortex Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex Multimodal association cortex Gustatory cortex (in insula) (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex - Other Areas e. Sensory Association Areas: linked to Primary Sensory Cortex Areas i)Somatosensory association cortex: ii)Visual Association area: iii)Auditory Association area - Location: Superior Temporal Gyrus

26. 3. Cerebral White Matter a.*Structures that connect hemispheres–Commissures: connect the gray areas of each hemisphere together; horizontal; functions as a whole i)Corpus Callosum, ii)Anterior Commissure iii)Posterior Commissure b.*Association Fibers: connect different parts of same hemisphere; horizontal Fornix: connects parts of Limbic Association Area a.*Projection Fibers: connect Cerebral Cortex to lower brain regions; Vertical Internal Capsule  Corona Radiata Internal Capsule Fornix Anterior Commissure Corpus callosum Projection Fibers

27. 4. Subcortical Nuclei (p. 527) Temporal Lobe Overall Function: a.Amygdala: (p. 637) b.Hippocampus c.Parahippocampal Gyrus Others …

28. d. Basal Nuclei Composed of: Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus Function: 1) 2) 3) 4) Basal nuclei Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Striatum Lenticular Nuclei Frontal Section

29. 2. Cerebral Cortex … Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory For object-recall tasks Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Prefrontal cortex Central sulcus Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex 5. Multimodal Association Areas (pp. 526, 527; 594; 599) a. Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) Location Complexity Function Maturation Rate:

30. 5. Multimodal Association Areas … b. *Posterior association area Location: : Parts of temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes *Wernicke’s Area: Understanding written and spoken language & making sense when speaking Functions: 1) Recognizing patterns and faces; 2) Binds all sensory inputs into a coherent whole; 3) Localizing in space

31. Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus & Parahippocampal Gyrus Temporal Lobe iii) Limbic Association Area (p. 525) Part of the Limbic System Function: Location: Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus (more anterior) Parahippocampal Gyrus,

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16 The limbic system. Septum pellucidum Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures Fornix Anterior commissure Cerebral structures of the limbic system Cingulate gyrus Septal nuclei Amygdaloid body Hippocampus Diencephalic structures of the limbic system Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle) Hypothalamus Mammillary body Olfactory bulb Corpus callosum Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus

33. D. Diencephalon - Parts: - General Function: - Location: Figure 7.12b II The Brain …

34. Figure 12.12 Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland a. Location: b. Structure: Interthalamic Adhesion (Intermediate Mas): c. Functions: OVERALL: Diencephalon … 1. Thalamus

35. i) Relays: Sensory: Emotions Motor ii) Processes information: iii) Cortical Arousal & Crude Awareness iv) Memory & Learning: c. Functions …

36. Diencephalon … 2. Hypothalamus a. Location: b. Structure: c. Overall Functions : Specific Functions Autonomic Endocrine System: Mammillary Bodies: Body Temperature Sleep-Wake Cycles Hypothalamus (magnified) - with Nuclei Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary Body

37. Diencephalon … 2. Hypothalamus Specific Functions … Drives: Emotions: Types: Input from Limbic Association Area Fight: Memory: Hypothalamus (magnified) - with Nuclei Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary Body

38. Diencephalon … 3. Epithalamus Location: Pineal gland: Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland

39. E. Brain Stem Parts: Overall Structure: General Functions: i) Nerves ii) Pathways: Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral aqueduct Pons Medulla oblongata Midbrain Cerebral Peduncles Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain

40. Figure 12.14 Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Temporal lobe Spinal cord Midbrain

41. Figure 12.15a View (a) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle (a) Ventral view Spinal cord Midbrain Diencephalon Brainstem Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata Brainstem …

42. 1. Midbrain Cerebral peduncles Posterior view Cerebral Aqueduct Anterior view Substantia Nigra a. Cerebral Peduncles - tract: c.Corpora Quadrigemina: Superior Colliculi Inferior Colliculi: d.Oculomotor Nerve e.Cerebral Aqueduct: Superior Colliculi Cerebral Peduncles Superior C. Inferior C.

43. 2. Pons Fibers of pyramidal Tract (corticosp.) Middle cerebellar peduncle Fourth ventricle Trigeminal Nerve Pons Location: 4 th ventricle Tracts: i) Corticospinal (Pyramidal) ii) Cerebellar Nerves: Trigeminal(5) & Facial(7) Visceral Nuclei for: i) ii)

44. a. Pyramids - Corticospinal Tract b. Tract for Sensory info to Cerebellum c. Nuclei for Autonomic Reflexes: Mouth & Pharynx reflexes: Respiratory center: Cardiovascular center: Vestibular Nuclei: d. Nerves: Hypoglossal-12, Glossopharyngeal-9, Vagus-10, Vestibulocochlear-8 Pyramids = Anterior Corticospinal Tract Transverse Section Posterior Brainstem …SLIDE 39 3. Medulla Oblongata Nuclei

45. Figure 12.17b (b) Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Posterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Anterior lobe Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior F. Cerebellum 1.Structures Cerebellar Hemispheres Arbor Vitae Folia: Vermis: connects cerebellar hemispheres

46. F. Cerebellum … 2. Functions Receives motor intentions from: Receives sensory info: Analyzes and: ipsilateral 3.Homunculus Cerebellar Homunculus

47. G. Cranial Reflexes 1.Corneal Reflex ( pp. 605) 2.Eye Blink Reflex (pp. 605)

48. H. Functional Brain Systems SLIDE 42 1. The Limbic System a. Brain Regions & Functions: Cerebrum Cingulate Gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus Hypothalamus: Mammillary Body: Mammillary body Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum

49. 1. Limbic System … b. Overall Functions: Memory 1. Emotional State easy to form– Not Fact information 2. Rehearsal 3. Association with old information

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16 The limbic system. Septum pellucidum Fiber tracts connecting limbic system structures Fornix Anterior commissure Cerebral structures of the limbic system Cingulate gyrus Septal nuclei Amygdaloid body Hippocampus Diencephalic structures of the limbic system Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle) Hypothalamus Mammillary body Olfactory bulb Corpus callosum Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus

51. Functional Brain Systems … 2. The Reticular Formation a. Brain Regions: b. Reticular Activating System Receives: Arousal Inhibited by: Reticular Formation

52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.17 The reticular formation. Visual impulses Reticular formation Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Descending motor projections to spinal cord Radiations to cerebral cortex Auditory impulses

53. J. Protection of the Brain (pp. 540-543) Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column  Meninges  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  Blood-brain barrier

54. 1. Meninges (pp. 540-541) a. Dura Mater Subdural Space Venous Sinuses b. Arachnoid Mater  Subarachnoid Space  Villi c. Pia Mater

55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.23a Dural septa and dural venous sinuses. Straight sinus Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Pituitary gland Midsagittal view Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli

56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.23b Dural septa and dural venous sinuses. Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Occipital lobe Falx cerebelli Cerebellum Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata Parietal bone Scalp Dura mater Transverse sinus Temporal bone Posterior dissection Tentorium cerebelli

57. Protection of the Brain … 2. Cerebrospinal Fluid Ependymal cells Capillary Connective tissue of pia mater Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed Section of choroid plexus (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses Cavity of ventricle CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na +, Cl –, Mg 2+, etc.) Help control CSF composition  Composition (see spine)  Ependymal Cells Production Choroid Plexus Circulation * See Next Slides

58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 2 Superior sagittal sinus Choroid plexus Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord (a) CSF circulation 1 The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 1 Circulation of CSF

59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 3 Superior sagittal sinus Choroid plexus Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord (a) CSF circulation 1 The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 1 2

60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 4 Superior sagittal sinus Choroid plexus Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord (a) CSF circulation 1 The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. 3 CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 2 1 3

61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF. Slide 5 Superior sagittal sinus Choroid plexus Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord (a) CSF circulation 1 The choroid plexus of each Ventricle produces CSF. 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. 3 CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 1 4 2 3

62. Figure 12.26b Ependymal cells Capillary Connective tissue of pia mater Wastes and unnecessary solutes absorbed Section of choroid plexus (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses Cavity of ventricle CSF forms as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions (Na +, Cl –, Mg 2+, etc.) Choroid Plexus Help control CSF composition

63. Protection of the Brain … 3. Blood-Brain Barrier Astrocytes & Capillary Endothelial Cells: Importance: Keeps out Absent in: Cannot keep out: Capillary Neuron Astrocyte

64. K. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain SLIDE 58 1. Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)(strokes)

65. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain … 2. Degenerative brain disorders Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Huntington’s

66. END

67. Review Questions The __________ is where some pyrimidal fibers decussate and most autonomic reflex centers reside. The __________ _______ are where CSF is generated from blood plasma with the help of __________ cells. medulla choroid plexuses ependymal

68. Review Questions What are housed in dorsal root ganglia? _______________ tracts are ascending tracts that transmit pain and temperature signals to third order neurons in the __________. Sensory neuron cell bodies Spinothalamic thalamus

69. Figure 12.9 Genitals Intra- abdominal Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Sensory Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Posterior Anterior Review Questions: Consider carefully the diagram to the right. A pesky fly just landed on your face and stimulated the indicated brain area. Which side of your face is the fly on? What type of cells line brain ventricles? Detected by left side, so the fly is on your right Ependymal

70. Review Questions What brain features allow the 2 cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another? The ___________ is the major relay center for the brain. The __________ is the ruler of the autonomic nervous system. Commissures thalamus hypothalamus

71. Gustatory cortex (in insula) Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Prefrontal cortex Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex