1. The Skeletal System Focus on the Skull

2. Review Anatomical Terms Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior

3. Bone Markings Projections for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons – Process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine Processes for articulation with other bones – Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet Openings = holes or spaces in bone for nerves and vessels to pass – Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, sinus Depressions = indentations – Fossa, sulcus

4. Axial Skeleton Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage Creates a framework of support and protection for internal organs Provides sites of attachment of muscles

5. The Skull Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs Bones that form the skull include – 8 cranial bones – 14 facial bones – 6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears) – Hyoid bone (the only freely moveable bone) Bones are joined by sutures

6. Bones of the Cranium Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits Parietal Bone (2) – posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull Occiptal Bone (1) – posterior and inferior portions of the skull; foramen magnum Temporal Bone (2) – form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks

7. Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone

8. Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone

9. Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone

10. Bones of the Cranium – Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Frontal Bone

11. Sutures of the Cranium Sagittal Suture – extends along the midline of the cranium; between parietal bones Coronal Suture – between frontal bone and parietal bones Lambdoid Suture – between occipital and parietal bones Squamous Suture– between the temporal bones and the parietal bones

12. Sutures of the Cranium – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture

13. Sutures of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture REVIEW

14. The skull at birth

16. Bones of the Cranium continued Sphenoid Bone–forms the floor of the skull and braces side of skull; acts like a bridge between cranial and facial bones Ethmoid Bone – anterior to the sphenoid; stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and sides of the nasal cavity Vomer – forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum Palatine Bone – forms the posterior hard palate (“roof of mouth”); contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity and the floor of each orbit

17. Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone

18. Bones of the Cranium - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer

19. Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone

20. Bones of the Cranium–Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone

21. Bones of the Face Maxilla (2) – articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible; forms part of the orbit, walls of nasal cavity and anterior roof of mouth Zygomatic Bones (2) – articulates with the frontal bone and the maxilla; completes lateral orbit of eye Nasal Bones– bridge of nose; articulate with frontal bone and maxilla Lacrimal Bones– with the orbit; medial surface Mandible – lower jaw

22. Bones of the Face – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible

23. Bones of the Face - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible

24. Bones of the Face – Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla

25. Teeth (32) Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Pre-molars - 8 Molars - 12

30. Processes Any elevation or projection Can be part of a joint or a site of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons

31. Processes of the cranium Styloid process (temporal bone) Mastoid process (temporal bone) Zygomatic process (temporal bone) Occipital condyle (occipital bone) External occipital protuberance (occipital bone) Coronoid process (mandible) Condylar process (mandible) Mandibular process (mandible) Pterygoid process (sphenoid) Hamulus of the pterygoid process (sphenoid) PROCESS Protrusion for attachment of tendons and ligaments

32. Styloid Process Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the temporal bone just below the ear Attaches to – ligaments that support the hyoid bone – muscles that control the tongue and pharynx

33. Mastoid Process Built up area of the lower temporal bone where important neck muscles attach Muscle that rotate and elevate the head and clavicle attach here

34. Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone Connects temporal bone to facial bones (zygomatic bone)

35. Occipital Condyle The site on the occipital bone where skull meets vertebrae – Atlas = the first vertebrae in the spinal column

36. External Occipital Protuberance Medial protrusion of the occipital bone Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to tilt backward attach here

37. Coronoid Process (coronation day) “like a crown” Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw

38. Condylar Process Forms a hinge with the temporal bone

39. Mandibular Process Smooth surface of the condylar process

40. The Sphenoid Bone Pterygoid Process and the hamulus of the pterygoid process

41. Process of the Skull – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible Zygomatic Process Mastoid Process Styloid Process

42. Process of the Skull - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible Ethmoid Bone

43. Process of the Skull– Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Styloid Process Mastoid Process Occipital Condyle Zygomatic Process

44. Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone

45. Name the Process

47. Foramina and Other Structures General terms to describe openings include – Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure sinus

48. Foramina and Other Structures Supraorbital foramen (frontal) Infraorbital foramen (maxilla) Mental foramen (mandible) Foramen magnum (occipital) Jugular foramen (temporal) Carotid canal (temporal) External acoustic meatus (temporal) Mandibular foramen (mandible) Palatine foramen (palatine) Foramen lacerum (temporal) Foramen ovale (sphenoid) Foramen spinosum (sphenoid) Foramen rotundum (sphenoid) Stylomastoid foramen (temporal) FORAMEN, MEATUS, FISSURE, CANAL: Terms to describe openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels

49. Supraorbital foramen** “above” the orbit blood vessels and nerves that innervate the eyebrows and eyelids

50. Infraorbital foramen** “below the orbit” Facial nerves

51. Mental foramen** Distal/lateral opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip

52. Mandibular foramen Proximal/medial opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth

53. Foramen magnum** Spinal cord

54. Jugular foramen** Jugular vein

55. Carotid Canal** Carotid artery

56. Foramen ovale** Trigeminal nerve – mandibular branch

57. External Auditory meatus** Opening that leads to the eardrum (tympanum)

58. Palatine foramen Nerves that innervate the palate

59. Foramen lacerum Fills with cartilage after birth

60. Foramen spinosum Nerves that innervate the meninges enter the brain

61. Foramen rotundum Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch

62. Stylomastoid foramen Facial nerves exit skull

63. Process of the Skull – Lateral View Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Coronal Suture Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Mandible Zygomatic Process Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mental Foramen External Auditory Meatus Mandible

64. Process of the Skull - Frontal Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Coronal Suture Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible Ethmoid Bone Optic Canal Superior Orbital Fissure Supraorbital Foramen Infraaorbital Foramen

65. Process of the Skull– Inferior View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Palatine Bone Vomer Sphenoid Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Styloid Process Mastoid Process Occipital Condyle Zygomatic Process Foramen Ovale Carotid Canal Jugular Foramen Foramen Magnum

66. Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Foramen Ovale Foramen Magnum Jugular Foramen Carotid Canal Optic Canal