3. The Bantu Migrations Agriculture, ironworking technology spread throughout Africa because of migration Number of groups in Africa spoke related languages –Originated from language called Proto-Bantu –Developed in what is now Cameroon, Nigeria –Over time more than 2,000 Bantu languages developed

4. By CE 900s, Bantu-speaking peoples had established complex social systems Women farmed, men mostly tended cattle Cattle important food source, used in ritual sacrifices Status in Bantu societies determined by size of cattle herds Bantu Social Systems Bantu-speaking people gradually migrated east, south during first centuries CE As they traveled, Bantu speakers carried knowledge of agriculture, ironworking Because of knowledge, established themselves as dominant group when they reached southern Africa Migration Bantu-Speaking Peoples

6. Resources Spur Trade What Resources? SALT, GOLD, iron, copper What allowed this trade network to really take off? CAMEL – “Ships of the desert” 25-30 miles per day traveled with little water

7. Kingdoms of West Africa Developed along the Senegal and Niger rivers around Lake Chad (Savannah Grasslands) Traded kola nuts, cloth, slaves, horses. Yet two products dominated trade Cities began to form along the northern savannah. Strong monarchies arise w/ powerful kingdoms

8. GOLD Ghana, Nigeria Senegal lots of Gold. Nuggets and chunks of it. CE 500 -1500 8 tons of Gold annually

9. SALT Why do they need this? 1.Food Preservation 2.Replace salt in perspiration In the Sahara we see an abundance of salt (homes built of salt) Yet, the savannah areas had little or none Trade 1 lb of Salt for 1 lb of Gold

10. Ghana: The Land of Gold CE 800 (Present day Mali. Present day Ghana took the name to honor Their rich tradition in African history.) Developed along the joining rivers of Senegal and Niger King collected tolls on all goods here. 2 cities emerge: one for the royal palace and bureaucracy one for the Muslim merchants and traders (they coined $, spread Arabic, and taught business methods)

11. Mali Such wealth and trade leads to a power struggle in the area. Mansa (king) Musa.

12. MALI Converted to Islam and based law and justice on the Quran. Yet he promoted religious freedom and tolerance Founded one of the greatest cities in the world at this time. What is it? TIMBUKTU

13. Timbuktu was once a center of religion, culture, and learning, as well as a commercial crossroads on the trans-Saharan caravan route. Situated at the strategic point where the Sahara touches on the River Niger, it was the gateway for African goods bound for the merchants of the Mediterranean, the courts of Europe and the larger Islamic world. It was involved in a thriving commerce in gold, salt, and slaves. When the Renaissance was barely stirring in Europe, wandering scholars were drawn to Timbuktu's manuscripts all the way from North Africa, Arabia and even Persia. TIMBUKTU (100,000 +) How did this city emerge and grow like this?

14. The Hajj of Mansa Musa Traveled west to Mecca and forged diplomatic and economic ties with Muslim States he went through. Brought back scholars, architects and teachers who helped promote and teach Islam Built one of the first Universities in TIMBUKTU

15. Effects of the the Hajj of Mansa Musa He was said to have taken more than 500 people with him on the hajj, each carrying a staff of solid gold. In addition, Mansa Musa had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold. When Mansa Musa passed through Cairo, he gave away so much gold that the price of it fell and the economy was affected for more than twenty years. The appearance of a wealthy king from a faraway land made a deep impression on the people he encountered, causing Mali to appear on maps throughout the Middle East and Europe. For the first time, sub-Saharan Africa became well known north of the Sahara Desert for the first time. Trade routes under Mansa Musa