2. ✠ Wars occurred more often, lasted longer, & affected more people. ✠ This era in European history is the most lethal period before 1914 ✠ New weapons and swift movements resulted in tactical sluggishness

3. ✠ Rise of infantry ✠ Decline of cavalry ✠ Armies deployed in massive square formations ✠ Field battles replaced by protracted sieges of attritional warfare ✠ Rise of the trace itallienne

5. ✠ Non-existant standing peacetime army ✠ Nobility, mercenaries, and impromptu recruits comprise wartime military might ✠ Economic issues result in plunder and destruction of personal property

6. ✠ Technical And tactical innovations that fundamentally affect the strategy, structure, and sociopolitical aspects of the art of war, and produce a new method of warfare. ✠ Wide-ranging consequences also occur in all facets of society as a by- product of a revolution in military affairs.

7. ✠ British Professor of History at Queen’s University of Belfast ✠ Inaugural lecture in January 1955 ✠ Argues that RMA took place between 1560 and 1660 and Gustavus Adolphus led the revolution ✠ British historian currently teaching at THE Ohio State ✠ Modifies and extends the conclusion made by Roberts ✠ Argues that the RMA occurred from 1500 to 1800 and led to the rise of the West

9. ✠ Influences on the reforms of Maurice of Nassau ✠ Dutch Revolt & the Duke of Alba ✠ Countered Alba’s innovations to make command & control more effective

11. 1590s Military Reforms of Maurice of Nassau ✠ Reduction in numbers ✠ Reintroduction of drill ✠ Discipline ✠ Contribution to siege warfare ✠ Problems: ✠ Still Attritional Warfare ✠ Rigid formations only suitable for defensive purposes

13. Gustavus Adolphus & Rise of Modern Army ✠ Tactical–– combined arms & weapon integration ✠ Strategic––Broad dual strategy focused on Annihilation of opposing army

14. Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of the Modern Army ✠ Size & Composition– –Increase in frequency & size/professionalizat ion ✠ Sociopolitical–– Increase in Government’s role/conscription/tra ining/drill

15. Importance & Influence of RMA Subsequent Revolutions ✠ Medicine ✠ Science ✠ Education Importance ✠ Rise of Western World ✠ Imperialism ✠ Modern Army